{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:12:26Z","timestamp":1770221546428,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize and compare the MRI morphological features of the cervical vertebral column of Great Danes with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201430 Great Danes (15 clinically normal and 15 CSM-affected).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014All dogs underwent MRI of the cervical vertebral column (C2\u20133 through T1\u20132). Features evaluated included sites of subarachnoid space compression, spinal cord compression, or both; degree, cause, and direction of compression; MRI signal changes of the spinal cord; articular process (facet) joint characteristics; internal vertebral venous plexus visibility; and presence of extradural synovial cysts as well as presence and degree of intervertebral disk degeneration and foraminal stenosis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinically normal and CSM-affected dogs had 11 and 61 compressive sites, respectively, detected with MRI. All CSM-affected dogs had \u2265 1 site of spinal cord compression. No signal changes were observed in spinal cords of normal dogs, whereas 14 sites of hyperintensity were found in 9 CSM-affected dogs. Foraminal stenosis was present in 11 clinically normal and all CSM-affected dogs. The number of stenotic foraminal sites was significantly greater in the CSM-affected group, and severe stenosis appeared to be more common in this group than in the clinically normal group. Significant differences were identified between clinically normal and CSM-affected dogs with regard to amount of synovial fluid evident, regularity of articular surfaces, degree of articular process joint proliferation, and internal vertebral venous plexus visibility.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Abnormalities were detected with MRI in several clinically normal Great Danes. Severe spinal cord compression, number of stenotic foraminal sites, and signal changes within the spinal cord distinguished CSM-affected from clinically normal Great Danes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.4.393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,30]],"date-time":"2014-07-30T13:22:12Z","timestamp":1406726532000},"page":"393-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging features of Great Danes with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Martin-Vaquero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo C.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00899.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging features of cervical stenotic myelopathy in 21 dogs","volume":"42","author":"Lipsitz","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00180.x","article-title":"Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and myelography in 18 Doberman Pinscher dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"47","author":"da Costa","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.4.428","article-title":"Low-field magnetic resonance imaging findings of the caudal portion of the cervical region in clinically normal Doberman Pinschers and Foxhounds","volume":"71","author":"De Decker","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072080-00008","article-title":"Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects","volume":"72","author":"Boden","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Neurologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181da3a29","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"16","author":"Tracy","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Neuroscientist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858412467377","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the clinical phenomenon and the current pathobiology of an increasingly prevalent and devastating disorder","volume":"19","author":"Kalsi-Ryan","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2176-4","article-title":"Normal morphology, age-related changes and abnormal findings in the cervical spine. 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