{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:31Z","timestamp":1775768971158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate whether pedal bacteremia develops following regional IV perfusion (RIVP) of a 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution in cattle with deep digital sepsis (DDS) and to determine which bacterial pathogens are most commonly isolated from the pedal circulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Prospective observational cohort study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20149 adult cattle with DDS in 10 limbs and 10 healthy adult cattle with no evidence of lameness or digital infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Blood samples were obtained aseptically from the dorsal common digital vein immediately following tourniquet application and 30 to 60 minutes after aseptic RIVP with a 2% lidocaine solution. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were performed on all samples collected. For cattle with DDS, clinical examination with or without debridement of digital lesions was performed after RIVP.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Bacteria were isolated from pedal blood prior to RIVP in 1 cow with DDS and after RIVP and examination with or without debridement in that cow and 4 additional cattle with DDS. Bacteria were not isolated from any blood sample obtained from the healthy cattle. Of the 8 bacterial isolates identified, 5 were gram-positive facultative anaerobes. Cattle with DDS were significantly more likely to develop bacteremia in the pedal circulation than were healthy cattle following RIVP.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results indicated that bacteremia may be present in the pedal circulation before and following RIVP and examination with or without debridement in cattle with DDS. Thus, systemic or local antimicrobial treatment might be warranted prior to or concurrently with RIVP in cattle with DDS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.5.565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,22]],"date-time":"2014-08-22T11:16:18Z","timestamp":1408706178000},"page":"565-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bacteremia in the pedal circulation following regional intravenous perfusion of a 2% lidocaine solution in cattle with deep digital sepsis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Katharine M.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Streeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara B.","family":"Gull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Step","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cattle Pract","first-page":"371","article-title":"An update on the surgical options for the treatment of deep digital sepsis in cattle","volume":"8","author":"Cutler","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Bovine Pract","first-page":"23","article-title":"Digital sepsis: etiology and control","volume":"84","author":"Weaver","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Agri-Practice","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cattle foot problems. 2. Diseases of the horn and corium","volume":"9","author":"Weaver","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Br Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31799-2","article-title":"Lameness in cattle","volume":"137","author":"Baggott","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.003","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of foot and leg lameness in cattle","volume":"28","author":"Shearer","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Cattle Pract","first-page":"285","article-title":"Treatment and control of claw diseases","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Ontario Vet Med Assoc Conf","first-page":"200","article-title":"Surgery of the diseased bovine digit","author":"Guard","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Agri-Practice","first-page":"14","article-title":"Clinical application of bovine distal limb anatomy","volume":"17","author":"Mills","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"981","article-title":"Digit amputation in cattle\u201485 cases (1971\u20131990)","volume":"202","author":"Pejsa","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Prakt Tierarz t","first-page":"30","article-title":"Local intravenous antimicrobial treatment of purulent infections of the distal equine limb","volume":"71","author":"Dietz","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00518.x","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial fluid after intravenous regional injection","volume":"17","author":"Gagnon","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.8.997","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and synovial fluid after regional intravenous perfusion in the distal portion of the hind limb of adult cows","volume":"69","author":"Gilliam","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1999.00186.x","article-title":"Ceftiofur distribution in plasma and joint fluid following regional limb injection in cattle","volume":"22","author":"Navarre","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"363","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma, synovial fluid and milk using single intravenous and single intravenous regional doses in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.12.1650","article-title":"Clinical use of antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in horses: 174 cases 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cases","volume":"16","author":"Koterba","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Lameness in cattle","first-page":"89","article-title":"Infectious diseases of the digits","author":"Bergsten","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial culture of blood and necropsy specimens for determining the cause of foal septicemia\u201447 cases (1978\u20131987)","volume":"195","author":"Wilson","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.12.2025","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of three bacterial culture systems for the recovery of Escherichia coli from equine blood","volume":"67","author":"Lorenzo-Figueras","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/vetrec.165.4.114","article-title":"Detection of bloodstream infection in neonatal foals with suspected sepsis using real-time PCR","volume":"165","author":"Pusterla","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e973","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1208","article-title":"Molecular assays in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Pammi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.10.012","article-title":"Routine use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction method for detection of bloodstream infections in neutropaenic patients","volume":"75","author":"Paolucci","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Med Assoc Thai","first-page":"1053","article-title":"A comparative study to determine the recovery rate of microorganisms of bloodstream infections: two versus three blood culture specimens","volume":"95","author":"Shanthachol","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.036","article-title":"Local anesthetics as antimicrobial agents: a review","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.217","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"45","author":"Olsen","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979109019726","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of local anesthetics on migration, extracellular release of lysosomal enzyme, and superoxide anion production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"13","author":"Sasagawa","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200302000-00004","article-title":"Effects of ropivacaine on human neutrophil function: comparison with bupivacaine and lidocaine","volume":"20","author":"Mikawa","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"418","article-title":"Reduced neutrophil superoxide anion release after prolonged infusions of lidocaine","volume":"235","author":"Peck","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR","first-page":"199","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibits stimulation-coupled responses of neutrophils and protein kinase C activity","volume":"22","author":"Tomoda","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Bull Anim Health Prod Afr","first-page":"15","article-title":"Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora of apparently healthy cattle in various stages of the reproductive cycle in the Sahel Region of Nigeria","volume":"44","author":"Amin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Dermatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000246331","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of the dermal microvasculature in patients undergoing retrograde intravenous pressure infusion","volume":"192","author":"Langer","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(03)00140-0","article-title":"Generalised distal limb vessel thrombosis in two cows with digital and inner organ infections","volume":"167","author":"Kofler","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd","first-page":"227","article-title":"Intravenous regional anesthesia antibiosis in cattle\u2014indications, technique, complications","volume":"132","author":"Steiner","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cattle Pract","first-page":"371","article-title":"An update on the surgical options for the treatment of deep digital sepsis in cattle","volume":"8","author":"Cutler","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Bovine Pract","first-page":"23","article-title":"Digital sepsis: etiology and control","volume":"84","author":"Weaver","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Agri-Practice","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cattle foot problems. 2. Diseases of the horn and corium","volume":"9","author":"Weaver","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Br Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31799-2","article-title":"Lameness in cattle","volume":"137","author":"Baggott","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.003","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of foot and leg lameness in cattle","volume":"28","author":"Shearer","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Cattle Pract","first-page":"285","article-title":"Treatment and control of claw diseases","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Ontario Vet Med Assoc Conf","first-page":"200","article-title":"Surgery of the diseased bovine digit","author":"Guard","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Agri-Practice","first-page":"14","article-title":"Clinical application of bovine distal limb anatomy","volume":"17","author":"Mills","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"981","article-title":"Digit amputation in cattle\u201485 cases (1971\u20131990)","volume":"202","author":"Pejsa","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Prakt Tierarz t","first-page":"30","article-title":"Local intravenous antimicrobial treatment of purulent infections of the distal equine limb","volume":"71","author":"Dietz","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00518.x","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial fluid after intravenous regional injection","volume":"17","author":"Gagnon","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.8.997","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and synovial fluid after regional intravenous perfusion in the distal portion of the hind limb of adult cows","volume":"69","author":"Gilliam","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1999.00186.x","article-title":"Ceftiofur distribution in plasma and joint fluid following regional limb injection in cattle","volume":"22","author":"Navarre","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"363","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma, synovial fluid and milk using single intravenous and single intravenous regional doses in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.12.1650","article-title":"Clinical use of antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in horses: 174 cases (1999\u20132009)","volume":"241","author":"Rubio-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254060-00010","article-title":"Venous perfusion of limb with antibiotics for osteomyelitis and other chronic infections","volume":"54","author":"Finsterbush","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"How to perform equine intravenous digital perfusion","first-page":"198","author":"Santschi","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"182","article-title":"Caudal vena caval thrombosis following treatment of deep digital sepsis","volume":"53","author":"Simpson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01950.x","article-title":"Clinical and clinicopathological characteristics of the septicemic neonatal foal\u2014review of 38 cases","volume":"16","author":"Koterba","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Lameness in cattle","first-page":"89","article-title":"Infectious diseases of the digits","author":"Bergsten","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial culture of blood and necropsy specimens for determining the cause of foal septicemia\u201447 cases (1978\u20131987)","volume":"195","author":"Wilson","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.12.2025","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of three bacterial culture systems for the recovery of Escherichia coli from equine blood","volume":"67","author":"Lorenzo-Figueras","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/vetrec.165.4.114","article-title":"Detection of bloodstream infection in neonatal foals with 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specimens","volume":"95","author":"Shanthachol","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.036","article-title":"Local anesthetics as antimicrobial agents: a review","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.217","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"45","author":"Olsen","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979109019726","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of local anesthetics on migration, extracellular release of lysosomal enzyme, and superoxide anion production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"13","author":"Sasagawa","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200302000-00004","article-title":"Effects of ropivacaine on human neutrophil function: comparison with bupivacaine and lidocaine","volume":"20","author":"Mikawa","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"418","article-title":"Reduced neutrophil superoxide anion release after prolonged infusions of lidocaine","volume":"235","author":"Peck","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR","first-page":"199","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibits stimulation-coupled responses of neutrophils and protein kinase C activity","volume":"22","author":"Tomoda","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Bull Anim Health Prod Afr","first-page":"15","article-title":"Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora of apparently healthy cattle in various stages of the reproductive cycle in the Sahel Region of 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