{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T09:07:27Z","timestamp":1783588047990,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To ascertain the frequency of ultrasonographic identification of liver at sites recommended for blind percutaneous liver biopsy in middle-aged horses and to determine whether the liver is obscured by other organs or too thin for safe sample collection at recommended locations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201436 healthy middle-aged (between 6 and 18 years old) Quarter Horses or Quarter Horse crosses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Blood samples were collected from each horse and submitted for evaluation of liver function. Horses with any indication of liver dysfunction on serum biochemical analysis were excluded. The region just below a line drawn between the dorsal aspect of the tuber coxae and the point of the elbow joint in the right 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th intercostal spaces (ICSs) was imaged by ultrasonography for the presence of liver. In each ICS, liver thickness and whether there was partial obstruction in viewing the liver caused by other abdominal or thoracic organs were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201439% (14\/36) of horses had liver imaged on ultrasonographic examination in all of the 11th to 14th ICSs. None of the 36 horses had liver of adequate thickness (ie, liver thickness \u2265 3.5 cm) for biopsy in all of the imaged ICSs. For 22 horses in which the liver was not visible on ultrasonographic examination of an ICS, lung was imaged instead in 12 (55%) horses, intestine in 8 (36%), and both intestine and lung in 2 (9%).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014On the basis of the results of this study, the practice of blind percutaneous liver biopsy in horses is not recommended because of the risk of serious complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.8.939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,6]],"date-time":"2014-10-06T14:25:35Z","timestamp":1412605535000},"page":"939-943","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ultrasonographic visualization of the liver in sites recommended for blind percutaneous liver biopsy in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Sammons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy E.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Keith","family":"Chaffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30736-8","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided renal and hepatic biopsy techniques","volume":"2","author":"Modransky","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"542","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of historical, clinical, ultrasonographic, serum biochemical and haematological data in prognostic evaluation of equine liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Durham","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"35","article-title":"Equine liver disease and liver failure\u2014causes, diagnosis, and treatment","author":"Divers","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30491-1","article-title":"Standing laparoscopic surgery","volume":"7","author":"Fischer","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1981.tb01376.x","article-title":"Ultrasound appearance of normal lung borders and adjacent viscera in the horse","volume":"22","author":"Rantanen","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"81","article-title":"Ultrasonic examination of the liver of the horse","author":"Rantanen","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Ultrasound scan techniques for large and small animals","first-page":"14","author":"Rantanen","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","first-page":"503","author":"Dyce","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1997.tb10065.x","article-title":"Liver biopsy techniques for adult horses and neonatal foals to assess copper status","volume":"75","author":"Pearce","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0006.x","article-title":"Coagulation abnormalities and complications after percutaneous liver biopsy in horses","volume":"22","author":"Johns","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Hepatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.16602","article-title":"Practices of liver biopsy in France: results of a prospective nationwide survey","volume":"32","author":"Cadranel","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-003-1044-0","article-title":"Blind and ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy in children","volume":"33","author":"Nobili","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/245\/8\/javma.245.8.939.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/245\/8\/javma.245.8.939.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/245\/8\/javma.245.8.939.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:54:58Z","timestamp":1741348498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/245\/8\/javma.245.8.939.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.245.8.939","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]}}}