{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:06:13Z","timestamp":1786716373191,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe findings in dogs with exogenous thyrotoxicosis attributable to consumption of commercially available dog foods or treats containing high concentrations of thyroid hormone.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective and prospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201414 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were retrospectively searched to identify dogs with exogenous thyrotoxicosis attributable to dietary intake. One case was found, and subsequent cases were identified prospectively. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were evaluated before and after feeding meat-based products suspected to contain excessive thyroid hormone was discontinued. Scintigraphy was performed to evaluate thyroid tissue in 13 of 14 dogs before and 1 of 13 dogs after discontinuation of suspect foods or treats. Seven samples of 5 commercially available products fed to 6 affected dogs were analyzed for thyroxine concentration; results were subjectively compared with findings for 10 other commercial foods and 6 beef muscle or liver samples.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Total serum thyroxine concentrations were high (median, 8.8 \u03bcg\/dL; range, 4.65 to 17.4 \u03bcg\/dL) in all dogs at initial evaluation; scintigraphy revealed subjectively decreased thyroid gland radionuclide in 13 of 13 dogs examined. At \u2265 4 weeks after feeding of suspect food or treats was discontinued, total thyroxine concentrations were within the reference range for all dogs and signs associated with thyrotoxicosis, if present, had resolved. Analysis of tested food or treat samples revealed a median thyroxine concentration for suspect products of 1.52 \u03bcg of thyroxine\/g, whereas that of unrelated commercial foods was 0.38 \u03bcg of thyroxine\/g.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that thyrotoxicosis can occur secondary to consumption of meat-based products presumably contaminated by thyroid tissue, and can be reversed by identification and elimination of suspect products from the diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.1.105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]],"date-time":"2014-12-17T16:26:22Z","timestamp":1418833582000},"page":"105-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Exogenous thyrotoxicosis in dogs attributable to consumption of all-meat commercial dog food or treats containing excessive thyroid hormone: 14 cases (2008\u20132013)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Broome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Kemppainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie J.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith P.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"BSAVA manual of canine and feline endocrinology","first-page":"86","article-title":"Canine hyperthyroidism","author":"Mooney","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic features of thyroid tumors in 26 dogs","volume":"188","author":"Harari","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"756","article-title":"99mTc-pertechnetate imaging of thyroid tumors in dogs: 29 cases (1980\u20131992)","volume":"204","author":"Marks","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Adenomas and carcinomas of the canine and feline thyroid","volume":"83","author":"Leav","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.4.542","article-title":"Sodium iodide I 131 treatment of dogs with nonresectable thyroid tumors: 39 cases (1990\u20132003)","volume":"229","author":"Turrel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"81","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenoma in a dog","volume":"199","author":"Lawrence","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.61","article-title":"Functional thyroid gland adenoma in a dog treated with surgical excision alone","volume":"69","author":"Itoh","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"BSAVA manual of canine and feline endocrinology","first-page":"92","article-title":"Feline hyperthyroidism","author":"Mooney","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text","first-page":"453","article-title":"Introduction to thyrotoxicosis","author":"Braverman","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Cleve Clin J Med","first-page":"152","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis? 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