{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:56:06Z","timestamp":1778255766682,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the management of equids undergoing cryptorchidectomy at a referral hospital.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014604 client-owned equids.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of all equids undergoing surgical treatment of cryptorchidism from 1977 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Analyses of breed, location of retained testes, accuracy of palpation per rectum for determining the location of retained testes, surgical technique, and postoperative complications were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The most frequently affected breed was the Quarter Horse (282\/604 [47%]), which was significantly overrepresented. Of the 604 equids, 90 (15%) had undergone previous surgical attempts at castration. Preoperative palpation per rectum was performed in 395\/604 (65.4%) patients, and was accurate in predicting the location of the retained testes in 354\/395 (89.6%). Surgeons were significantly more likely to be incorrect in determining the location of the retained testis by means of palpation per rectum in patients that had undergone a prior attempt at castration. For equids with abdominal cryptorchidism (360\/604 [59.6%]), the most common surgical technique was noninvasive cryptorchidectomy (298\/360 [82.8%]). In unilateral cryptorchids (521\/604 [86.3%]), the 2 most common sites were left abdominal (184\/521 [35.3%]) and right inguinal (148\/521 [28.4%]). For bilateral retention (80\/604 [13.2%]), abdominal cryptorchidism was most common (48\/80 [60%]). Fever was present in 138\/324 (43%) equids on the first day after surgery. Postoperative fever was not significantly associated with any variables evaluated. Including postoperative (\u2264 24 hours) fever, 150 of 604 (25%) patients developed postoperative complications. Excluding postoperative fever, 18 of 604 (3%) patients developed major postoperative complications; complications in 10 of 604 patients were deemed surgically related, and 3 of 604 patients died.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that cryptorchidectomy in equids performed with a variety of surgical approaches was associated with minimal postoperative complications. A history of previous attempts at castration decreased the ability to accurately predict the location of the retained testis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.7.777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]],"date-time":"2015-03-20T12:54:14Z","timestamp":1426856054000},"page":"777-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cryptorchidectomy in equids: 604 cases (1977\u20132010)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Hartman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan F.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Fessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"An improved method of diagnosis and castration of cryptorchid horses","first-page":"439","volume":"145","author":"Adams","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Testis","first-page":"804","author":"Schumacher","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Retrospective study of 350 cases of equine cryptorchidism","first-page":"343","volume":"172","author":"Stickle","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"An analysis of 500 cases of equine cryptorchidism","first-page":"113","volume":"11","author":"Cox","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Diagnostic ultrasonography for evaluation of cryptorchidism in 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laparotomy","first-page":"472","volume":"48","author":"Swift","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Castration of horses with primary closure and scrotal ablation","first-page":"2","volume":"14","author":"Barber","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Midline scrotal ablation technique for unilateral cryptorchid castration in horses","first-page":"283","volume":"190","author":"Palmer","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Laparoscopic cryptorchid castration in standing horses","first-page":"335","volume":"26","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses","first-page":"326","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses","first-page":"138","volume":"27","author":"Ragle","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Comparison of the diagnosis and management of unilaterally castrated and cryptorchid horses at a referral hospital: 60 cases (2002\u20132006)","first-page":"931","volume":"231","author":"Marshall","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Comparison of hormonal methods for diagnosis of cryptorchidism in horses","first-page":"20","volume":"9","author":"Arighi","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Laparoscopic intra-abdominal ligation and removal of cryptorchid testes in horses","first-page":"105","volume":"30","author":"Fischer","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Effects of castration on peritoneal fluid in the horse","first-page":"22","volume":"2","author":"Schumacher","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"A comparison of two antimicrobial regimens on the prevalence of incisional infections after colic surgery","first-page":"287","volume":"172","author":"Durward-Akhurst","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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