{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:56:26Z","timestamp":1780541786717,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe the epizootiological investigation of an outbreak of Q fever (<jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Epidemiological study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201417 goat herds in Washington, Montana, and Oregon.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014In April 2011, an abortion storm at a commercial goat farm in Washington was determined to be caused by <jats:italic>C burnetii<\/jats:italic>. A joint epidemiological investigation by public health and veterinary professionals was subsequently performed to assess the extent of the outbreak by performing a trace-forward of goats sold from the index farm, to determine risk factors associated with infection, and to implement control measures. A herd management plan was developed to control the outbreak and reduce risk of human exposure. Quarantine and temporary holds preventing the sale or movement of goats allowed time for trace-forward investigation, education of farmers regarding disease risk, and testing to determine the scope of the outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201417 farms were affected; 21 human Q fever cases were identified. Bacterial shedding in feces, vaginal fluid, or milk was confirmed in 156 of 629 (25%) goats tested by PCR assay. Seroprevalence of antibodies against <jats:italic>C burnetii<\/jats:italic> in goats, determined by ELISA, was 12%. The risk for <jats:italic>C burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection in goats was highest among females, those on farms associated with human Q fever, and those on Washington farms. A protective effect was observed for goats at farms where the primary form of goat carcass disposal was burial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014This outbreak illustrated the importance of a joint investigation for zoonotic pathogens and the need to expand and strengthen relationships between medical, public health, and veterinary partners. Heightened awareness and enhanced veterinary diagnostic capabilities for <jats:italic>C burnetii<\/jats:italic> are needed to identify and control outbreaks expediently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.12.1379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T18:56:13Z","timestamp":1449514573000},"page":"1379-1386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Epizootiological investigation of a Q fever outbreak and implications for future control strategies"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Alicia D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahnee J.","family":"Szymanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle P.","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Kohrs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Bjork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Marsden-Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall J.","family":"Nett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana M.","family":"Woodhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua S.","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael A.","family":"Priestley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert J.","family":"Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016","article-title":"Fever","volume":"140","author":"Angelakis","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-815","article-title":"Comparison of Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk of dairy bovine, caprine, and ovine herds","volume":"90","author":"Rodolakis","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Tick-borne diseases of humans","first-page":"328","article-title":"Q fever","author":"Thompson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis690","article-title":"Q fever cluster among raw milk drinkers in Michigan, 2011","volume":"55","author":"Signs","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis [serial online]","first-page":"488","article-title":"Human dose response relation for airborne exposure to Coxiella burnetii","volume":"13","author":"Brooke","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Q fever: volume I. 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