{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:01:35Z","timestamp":1780380095407,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify characteristics of chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid small-breed dogs with cervical intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014187 small-breed (\u2264 15 kg [33 lb]) dogs that underwent surgery because of cervical IVDH.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were reviewed for information on breed, sex, age, weight, location of affected intervertebral disks, duration and severity of neurologic signs, and recovery time.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201455 of the 187 (29.4%) dogs were Beagles. The most frequently affected intervertebral disk was C2\u20133 (81\/253 [32.0%]), and this was the more frequently affected intervertebral disk in dogs of several chondrodystrophoid breeds, including Beagles (29\/66 [43.9%]), Dachshunds (13\/37 [35.1%]), Shih Tzus (16\/41 [39.0%]), and Pekingese (3\/10 [30.0%]). However, caudal disks (C5\u20136 or C6\u20137) were more frequently affected in Yorkshire Terriers (13\/24 [54.2%]) and Chihuahuas (9\/13 [69%]). Shih Tzus and Yorkshire Terriers were significantly older at the time of surgery (mean \u00b1 SD age, 9.6 \u00b1 2.3 years and 9.5 \u00b1 2.5 years, respectively) than were Pomeranians (6.2 \u00b1 2.3 years), and Yorkshire Terriers had a significantly higher number of affected disks (2.0 \u00b1 0.9) than did Dachshunds (1.1 \u00b1 0.3). Mean recovery time was significantly longer in Yorkshire Terriers (36.7 \u00b1 13.0 days) than in Beagles (16.5 \u00b1 17.1 days), Shih Tzus (17.8 \u00b1 14.5 days), or Chihuahuas (12.2 \u00b1 7. 2 days).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that there may be breed-specific differences in the characteristics of cervical IVDH in small-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.12.1408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T18:56:13Z","timestamp":1449514573000},"page":"1408-1411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cervical intervertebral disk herniation in chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid small-breed dogs: 187 cases (1993\u20132013)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Takaharu","family":"Hakozaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munetaka","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuji","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Yogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Tagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Pathophysiology in small animal surgery","first-page":"739","article-title":"Canine intervertebral disc disease","author":"Braund","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Prog Vet Neurol","first-page":"165","article-title":"Surgical treatment of cervical disc herniations in ambulatory dogs: ventral decompression versus fenestration, 111 cases (1980\u20131988)","volume":"2","author":"Fry","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Prog Vet Neurol","first-page":"76","article-title":"Cervical pain secondary to intervertebral disc disease in dogs; radiographic findings and surgical implications","volume":"4","author":"Morgan","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Characteristics of dogs admitted for treatment of cervical intervertebral disk disease: 105 cases (1972\u20131982)","volume":"200","author":"Dallman","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"135","article-title":"Incidence of clinical disc disease in the dog","volume":"11","author":"Gage","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Canine intervertebral disk disease: characterization by age, sex, breed, and anatomic site of involvement","volume":"31","author":"Goggin","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"233","article-title":"Ventral decompression for the treatment of cervical disk disease in the dog: a review of 54 cases","volume":"18","author":"Seim","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5326\/0400316","article-title":"A retrospective comparison of cervical intervertebral disk disease in nonchondrodystrophic large dogs versus small dogs","volume":"40","author":"Cherrone","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.701","article-title":"A retrospective study of intervertebral disc herniation in dogs in Japan: 297 cases","volume":"70","author":"Itoh","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-1-77","article-title":"Dorsal laminectomy in the treatment of cervical intervertebral disk disease in small dogs: a retrospective study of 30 cases","volume":"32","author":"Gill","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.10.011","article-title":"Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. 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