{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:38:58Z","timestamp":1792111138380,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014An 11-year-old castrated male Vizsla was evaluated for excision of a cranial mediastinal mass.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014The dog had a 1-month history of a cough that had recently increased in frequency. On physical examination, the dog had a grade 2\/6 left systolic heart murmur and multiple subcutaneous masses. A soft tissue mass was observed in the cranioventral aspect of the thorax on radiographs. Results of a CT scan revealed a well-defined, 2.8 \u00d7 3.2 \u00d7 3.9-cm soft tissue mass in the cranial mediastinum.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014The dog underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic removal of the mediastinal mass and recovered routinely. Histologic examination of excised tissues revealed malignant thymoma. Approximately 6.5 months after surgery, the dog was evaluated because of polyuria, polydipsia, decreased appetite, and vomiting. On physical examination, masses were found in both axillary regions. Results of serum biochemical analysis indicated hypercalcemia. Thoracic ultrasonography revealed pulmonary metastases and a large mass in the right caudoventral region of the thorax. The dog received supportive care and medical treatment for hypercalcemia, but clinical signs recurred. Euthanasia was elected; necropsy and histologic examination revealed thymic carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Descriptions of the development of portal site metastasis in canine patients are rare. In this patient, portal site metastasis developed rapidly after thoracoscopic resection of a malignant thymic mass and was associated with hypercalcemia. As use of thoracoscopic procedures increases in veterinary medicine, it will be important to monitor the development of major complications such as those in the patient of this report. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2015;247:793\u2013800)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.7.793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T14:57:07Z","timestamp":1442588227000},"page":"793-800","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Portal site metastasis after thoracoscopic resection of a cranial mediastinal mass in a dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Sarah G. J.","family":"Alwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Szivek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina D.","family":"Eckstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(00)00426-7","volume":"18","author":"Stammberger","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(96)90852-0","article-title":"Port-site recurrence after thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary metastasis owing to osteogenic sarcoma","volume":"31","author":"Sartorelli","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2003.10.015","article-title":"Port site metastases","volume":"187","author":"Curet","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.07.001","article-title":"Thoracoscopic versus thoracotomy approaches to lobectomy: differential impairment of cellular immunity","volume":"86","author":"Whitson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.006","article-title":"Complications and need for conversion from thoracoscopy to thoracotomy in small animals","volume":"39","author":"Radlinsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.005","article-title":"Interventional thoracoscopy in small animals","volume":"39","author":"Monnet","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00080.x","article-title":"Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Lansdowne","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02804-1","article-title":"Pulmonary function, postoperative pain, and serum cytokine level after lobectomy: a comparison of VATS and conventional procedure","volume":"72","author":"Nagahiro","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.007","article-title":"Small animal exploratory thoracoscopy","volume":"39","author":"Schmiedt","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1999.00472.x","article-title":"Thoracoscopic versus open partial pericardectomy in dogs: comparison of postoperative pain and morbidity","volume":"28","author":"Walsh","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Radiographics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.256055018","article-title":"Abdominal wall hernias: imaging features, complications, and diagnostic pitfalls at multi-detector row CT","volume":"25","author":"Aguirre","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol","first-page":"293","article-title":"CT findings in two cases of port-site metastasis after laparoscopy for ovarian cancer","volume":"23","author":"Viala","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"World J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900613","article-title":"Tumor seeding following laparoscopy: international survey","volume":"23","author":"Paolucci","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/25287790","article-title":"PET\/CT detects abdominal wall and port site metastases of colorectal carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Goshen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"295","article-title":"Port metastases after laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cure of malignancy","volume":"82","author":"Wexner","year":"1995"},{"issue":"39(suppl 10)","key":"ref16","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Wound recurrence following laparoscopic colon cancer resection: results of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Laparoscopic Registry","author":"Vukasin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(02)01249-8","article-title":"The theories and realities of port-site metastases: a critical appraisal","volume":"195","author":"Ziprin","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85329","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085329","article-title":"Evaluation of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary metastases: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900991","article-title":"Increased tumor growth and spread after laparoscopy vs laparotomy: influence of tumor manipulation in a rat model","volume":"13","author":"Mutter","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.6.980","article-title":"Portal site metastasis of invasive mesothelioma after diagnostic thoracoscopy in a dog","volume":"229","author":"Brisson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Abdom Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-013-0060-2","article-title":"Imaging of complications associated with port access of abdominal laparoscopic surgery","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Chest Surg Clin N Am","first-page":"907","article-title":"Complications after video-assisted thoracic surgery","volume":"8","author":"Downey","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Endoscopy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1098280","article-title":"Rapid development of malignant metastases in the abdominal wall after laparoscopy","volume":"10","author":"Dobronte","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(00)70084-5","article-title":"Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery: a potential hazard for intraoperative hematogenous tumor cell dissemination","volume":"119","author":"Yamashita","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.8.1186","article-title":"Results of excision of thymoma in cats and dogs: 20 cases (1984\u20132005)","volume":"232","author":"Zitz","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.03.033","article-title":"Comparison of patterns of relapse in thymic carcinoma and thymoma","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03492.x","article-title":"Review of thymic pathology in 30 cats and 36 dogs","volume":"38","author":"Day","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.01.014","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma: outcomes after surgical resection","volume":"93","author":"Okereke","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.7.2280","article-title":"Thymoma: state of the art","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3228-7","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical thymectomy to treat early thymoma: a comparison with the conventional transsternal approach","volume":"21","author":"Tom","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2004.12.001","article-title":"Surgical treatment of thymic tumors","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(96)70265-9","article-title":"Prognostic factors and long-term results after thymoma resection: a series of 307 patients","volume":"112","author":"Regnard","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(97)70399-4","article-title":"Recurrence of thymoma: analysis of clinicopathologic features, treatment, and outcome","volume":"113","author":"Ruffini","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(98)70273-9","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma: current staging does not predict prognosis","volume":"115","author":"Blumberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Gynec Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00507-9","article-title":"Laparoscopic port-site metastases: etiology and prevention","volume":"91","author":"Ramirez","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Surg Endosc","first-page":"439","article-title":"The effect of immune enhancement and suppression on the development of laparoscopic port site metastases","volume":"14","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70290-4","article-title":"Laparoscopy in 533 patients with abdominal malignancy","volume":"125","author":"Pearlstone","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02239431","article-title":"Excision of trocar sites reduces tumor implantation in an animal model","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02408617","article-title":"Canine lymposarcoma: a model for study of the hypercalcemia of cancer","volume":"30","author":"Heath","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.10.1448","article-title":"Clinical features, treatment options, and outcome in dogs with thymoma: 116 cases (1999\u2013 2010)","volume":"243","author":"Robat","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2012.09.003","article-title":"Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia","volume":"27","author":"Bergman","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12007.x","article-title":"Hypercalcaemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in a Giant Schnauzer","volume":"79","author":"Kleiter","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"61","article-title":"Renal function in dogs with lymphosarcoma and associated hypercalcemia","volume":"32","author":"Weller","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0288.x","article-title":"Ionized hypercalcemia in dogs: a retrospective study of 109 cases (1998\u20132003)","volume":"23","author":"Messinger","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/247\/7\/javma.247.7.793.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/247\/7\/javma.247.7.793.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/247\/7\/javma.247.7.793.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:47:28Z","timestamp":1741348048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/247\/7\/javma.247.7.793.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.247.7.793","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}}}