{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:25:28Z","timestamp":1790619928332,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine the incidence of pathological fractures associated with appendicular primary bone tumors in dogs managed medically and to identify potential risk factors at the time of radiographic diagnosis that may be associated with eventual pathological fracture.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Retrospective case series.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201484 dogs with primary long bone neoplasia treated medically.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Medical records for dogs with a diagnosis of primary long bone neoplasia based on results of radiography that was confirmed subsequently at necropsy were reviewed. Owners elected medical treatment at a pain clinic. Data regarding clinical signs, diagnostic testing, pathological findings, and outcome were evaluated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201484 dogs met study inclusion criteria with 85 limbs affected. Osteosarcoma was the most common tumor and was identified in 78 of 85 (91.8%) limbs. The median time from diagnosis to euthanasia was 111 days (range, 28 to 447 days). Pathological fractures were identified in 33 of 85 limbs (38%), with the femur most commonly affected, (8\/14 [57.1%]), followed by the tibia (9\/17 [52.9%]), humerus (10\/27 [37%]), radius (5\/25 [20%]), and ulna (1\/2 [50%]). Logistic regression analysis indicated that tumors arising from long bones other than the radius had odds of eventual fracture 5.05 as great as the odds for tumors of the radius, and lytic tumors had odds of eventual fracture 3.22 as great as the odds for tumors that appeared blastic or mixed lytic-blastic.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results suggested that radial primary bone tumors were less likely and lytic tumors were more likely to fracture. The overall incidence of pathological fractures secondary to appendicular primary bone neoplasia in this study with patients treated by means of intensive management for bone pain was higher than previously reported.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.8.917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T14:48:24Z","timestamp":1443624504000},"page":"917-923","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Factors associated with pathological fractures in dogs with appendicular primary bone neoplasia: 84 cases (2007\u20132013)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jantra N.","family":"Suran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy Cimino","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Agnello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Canine axial skeletal osteosarcoma: a retrospective study of 116 cases (1986 to 1989)","first-page":"304","volume":"21","author":"Heyman","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma","first-page":"31","volume":"156","author":"Ru","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Canine appendicular osteosarcoma: diagnosis and palliative treatment","first-page":"172","volume":"26","author":"Liptak","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Canine appendicular osteosarcoma: curative-intent treatment","first-page":"186","volume":"26","author":"Liptak","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Biology, diagnosis and treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma: similarities and differences with human osteosarcoma","first-page":"268","volume":"189","author":"Morello","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proximal radial and distal humeral osteosarcoma in 12 dogs","first-page":"461","volume":"40","author":"Liptak","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Prevalence of and intrinsic risk factors for appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 179 cases (1996\u20132005)","first-page":"1076","volume":"231","author":"Rosenberger","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Limb-sparing surgery versus amputation for dogs with bone tumors","first-page":"135","volume":"26","author":"Straw","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Pathological fracture of long bones in the dog","first-page":"297","volume":"23","author":"Boulay","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Pathological fracture in dogs with suspected or confirmed osteosarcoma","first-page":"423","volume":"40","author":"Bhandal","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Outcome after repair of a sarcoma-related pathological fracture in dogs: a veterinary society of surgical oncology retrospective study","first-page":"431","volume":"40","author":"Boston","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Bone quality: the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility","first-page":"2250","volume":"354","author":"Seeman","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"A system of staging musculoskeletal neoplasms","first-page":"9","volume":"204","author":"Enneking","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Mechanisms of bone metastasis","first-page":"1655","volume":"350","author":"Roodman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Pathological fracture in osteosarcoma: impact of chemotherapy on primary tumor and survival","first-page":"701","volume":"59","author":"Jaffe","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Pathological fracture in osteosarcoma: prognostic importance and treatment implications","first-page":"49","volume":"84","author":"Scully","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Comparative analysis of risk factors for pathological fracture with femoral metastases","first-page":"566","volume":"86","author":"Van der Linden","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Metastatic disease in long bones. 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