{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:00:03Z","timestamp":1793253603645,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare efficacy between cyclosporine and prednisone for treatment of primary immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Randomized controlled clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 20 client-owned dogs with primary IMPA.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Dogs were randomly assigned to receive prednisone (starting at 1 mg\/kg [0.45 mg\/lb], PO, q 12 h; n = 10) or cyclosporine (5 mg\/kg [2.3 mg\/lb], PO, q 12 h; 10) for 90 days. Cyclosporine-treated dogs also received carprofen, tramadol, or both for the first 7 days for analgesia. Data collection, physical examination, and cytologic analysis of synovial fluid samples were performed on days 0, 14, 45, and 90. Trough whole blood cyclosporine concentrations were determined on days 7 to 17 for cyclosporine-treated dogs. Treatment failure was defined as lack of clinical improvement by day 14, lack of cytologic improvement by day 45, or need to change treatment because of adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Treatment was successful for 7 prednisone-treated dogs and 7 cyclosporine-treated dogs. Absence of synovial fluid cytologic abnormalities on day 45 was identified for 5 prednisone-treated dogs and 8 cyclosporine-treated dogs. Prednisone-treated dogs were more likely to develop polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia than were cyclosporine-treated dogs. Opportunistic infections (ie, demodicosis or <jats:italic>Erysipelothrix<\/jats:italic> bacteremia) were identified in 2 cyclosporine-treated dogs and 0 prednisone-treated dogs, and diarrhea developed in 1 cyclosporine-treated dog, requiring treatment discontinuation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Although the number of dogs evaluated was small, limiting generalizability, results of this study suggested that cyclosporine offers promise as a suitable alternative to prednisone for treatment of IMPA in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.4.395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T16:24:37Z","timestamp":1454343877000},"page":"395-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Comparison of the efficacy of prednisone and cyclosporine for treatment of dogs with primary immune-mediated polyarthritis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"248","author":[{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Rhoades","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Vernau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03711.x","article-title":"Diagnostic investigations in 101 dogs with pyrexia of unknown origin","volume":"39","author":"Dunn","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02743.x","article-title":"Suppurative, nonseptic polyarthropathy in dogs","volume":"19","author":"Rondeau","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"130","article-title":"Swollen joints and lameness","author":"Goldstein","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Kirk's current veterinary therapy XII","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Treatment of the immune-based inflammatory arthropathies of the dog and cat","author":"Bennett","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"479","article-title":"Sulfadiazine-induced allergy in six Doberman Pinschers","volume":"186","author":"Giger","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"743","article-title":"Immune-mediated and infective arthritis","author":"Bennett","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.3.651","article-title":"Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection","volume":"167","author":"Appel","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"960","article-title":"Arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs","volume":"186","author":"Kornblatt","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.5.159","article-title":"Association between polyarthritis and thrombocytopenia and increased prevalence of vectorborne pathogens in Californian dogs","volume":"160","author":"Foley","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1102","article-title":"Molecular identification of Ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs: 15 cases (1997\u20132001)","volume":"222","author":"Goodman","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.05.028","article-title":"Polyarthritis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a juvenile dog","volume":"141","author":"Santos","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.2060","article-title":"Clinicopathologic findings in dogs seroreactive to Bartonella henselae antigens","volume":"66","author":"Goodman","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.688","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies against Bartonella species and evaluation of risk factors and clinical signs associated with seropositivity in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Henn","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.11.1723","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between causative organisms and clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis in dogs: 71 cases (1992\u20132005)","volume":"228","author":"Sykes","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1323","article-title":"Type I immune-mediated polyarthritis in dogs: 39 cases (1997\u20132002)","volume":"224","author":"Clements","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.3.312","article-title":"Efficacy of leflunomide for treatment of immune-mediated polyarthritis in dogs: 14 cases (2006\u20132008)","volume":"236","author":"Colopy","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5756","article-title":"Canine immune-mediated polyarthritis: part 2: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00340.x","article-title":"Immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of immune-mediated disease","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5744","article-title":"Canine immune-mediated polyarthritis: part 1: pathophysiology","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"602","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy","author":"Cohn","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12265","article-title":"Oral cyclosporine treatment in dogs: a review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Archer","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.007","article-title":"Cyclosporine in veterinary dermatology","volume":"43","author":"Palmeiro","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0340.x","article-title":"Effect of repeated arthrocentesis on cytologic analysis of synovial fluid in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Berg","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01275.x","article-title":"Leflunomide pharmacokinetics after single oral administration to dogs","volume":"34","author":"Singer","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.6.631","article-title":"Development and psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure chronic pain in dogs with osteoarthritis","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.8.1278","article-title":"Ability of the canine brief pain inventory to detect response to treatment in dogs with osteoarthritis","volume":"233","author":"Brown","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12351","article-title":"Serum biomarkers of clinical and cytologic response in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated polyarthropathy","volume":"28","author":"Foster","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.04.009","article-title":"Update on immununosuppressive therapies for dogs and cats","volume":"43","author":"Viviano","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/248\/4\/javma.248.4.395.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/248\/4\/javma.248.4.395.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/248\/4\/javma.248.4.395.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:49:22Z","timestamp":1741348162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/248\/4\/javma.248.4.395.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.248.4.395","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]}}}