{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:30:52Z","timestamp":1769052652014,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To assess the anatomic distribution of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions (IVDEs) in English Cocker Spaniels as compared with findings in Dachshunds and to characterize clinical findings in English Cocker Spaniels with thoracolumbar or lumbar IVDEs affecting various regions of the vertebral column.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold> Retrospective observational study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 81 English Cocker Spaniels and 81 Dachshunds with IVDEs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Signalment, clinical signs, neurologic examination findings, and affected intervertebral disk spaces (IVDSs) were recorded for both breeds. Management methods and outcomes were recorded for English Cocker Spaniels. Lesions were categorized as thoracolumbar (IVDSs T9\u201310 through L1\u20132), midlumbar (L2\u20133 through L4\u20135), or caudal lumbar (L5\u20136 through L7\u2013S1).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Midlumbar and caudal lumbar IVDEs were significantly more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds. English Cocker Spaniels with caudal lumbar IVDEs had a longer median duration of clinical signs before evaluation and more commonly had unilateral pelvic limb lameness or spinal hyperesthesia as the predominant clinical sign than did those with IVDEs at other sites. Those with caudal lumbar IVDEs less commonly had neurologic deficits and had a higher median neurologic grade (indicating lesser severity), shorter mean postoperative hospitalization time, and faster mean time to ambulation after surgery than those with other sites affected. These variables did not differ between English Cocker Spaniels with thoracolumbar and midlumbar IVDEs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Caudal and midlumbar IVDEs were more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds. English Cocker Spaniels with caudal lumbar IVDE had clinical signs and posttreatment responses that differed from those in dogs with midlumbar or thoracolumbar IVDE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.4.405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T16:24:37Z","timestamp":1454343877000},"page":"405-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical characterization of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"248","author":[{"given":"Thomas J.A.","family":"Cardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"Tzounos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger A.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"De Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.06.001","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Brisson","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.11.1300","article-title":"Incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration-related diseases and associated mortality rates in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Bergknut","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.12.1593","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of single-site and multiple-site disk fenestration on the rate of recurrence of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs","volume":"238","author":"Brisson","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.12.1617","article-title":"Long-term neurologic outcome of hemilaminectomy and disk fenestration for treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 831 cases (2000\u20132007)","volume":"241","author":"Aikawa","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"PLoS ONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069650","article-title":"How long and low can you go? 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