{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:06:49Z","timestamp":1790384809924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>To determine the percentage of dogs surviving to hospital discharge and identify factors associated with death prior to hospital discharge among dogs undergoing surgery because of primary splenic torsion (PST).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>102 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Medical records of dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of PST that underwent surgery between August 1992 and May 2014 were reviewed. History, signalment, results of physical examination and preoperative bloodwork, method of splenectomy, concurrent surgical procedures, perioperative complications, duration of hospital stay, splenic histopathologic findings, and details of follow-up were recorded. Best-fit multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify perioperative factors associated with survival to hospital discharge.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>93 of the 102 (91.2%) dogs survived to hospital discharge. German Shepherd Dogs (24\/102 [23.5%]), Great Danes (15\/102 [14.7%]), and English Bulldogs (12\/102 [11.8%]) accounted for 50% of cases. Risk factors significantly associated with death prior to hospital discharge included septic peritonitis at initial examination (OR, 32.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 502.0), intraoperative hemorrhage (OR, 22.6; 95% CI, 1.8 to 289.8), and postoperative development of respiratory distress (OR, 35.7; 95% CI, 2.7 to 466.0). Histopathologic evidence of splenic neoplasia was not found in any case.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Results suggested that the prognosis for dogs undergoing splenectomy because of PST was favorable. Several risk factors for death prior to discharge were identified, including preexisting septic peritonitis, intraoperative hemorrhage, and postoperative development of respiratory distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.6.661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T16:27:42Z","timestamp":1457454462000},"page":"661-668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Primary splenic torsion in dogs: 102 cases (1992\u20132014)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"248","author":[{"given":"Whitney","family":"DeGroot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Zide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley Thieman","family":"Mankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre M.","family":"Amsellem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandi","family":"Petrukovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Brendon","family":"Ringwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Brad","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01619.x","article-title":"B-mode and Doppler ultrasound imaging of the spleen with canine splenic torsion: a retrospective evaluation","volume":"39","author":"Saunders","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Veterinary surgery: small animal","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Spleen","author":"Richter","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03491.x","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 19 cases of isolated torsion of the splenic pedicle in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Neath","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.001533","article-title":"Primary splenic torsion in a Boston Terrier","volume":"71","author":"Ohta","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1989.tb00751.x","article-title":"Sonographic and radiographic changes associated with splenic torsion in the dog","volume":"30","author":"Konde","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Trakia J Sci","first-page":"64","article-title":"Uncommon cause of acute abdomen in a dog: torsion of the spleen\u2014case report and review","volume":"5","author":"Simeonova","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-5-390","article-title":"Chronic primary splenic torsion with peritoneal adhesions in a dog: case report and literature review","volume":"36","author":"Weber","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Small animal surgery","article-title":"Surgery of the hemolymphatic system","author":"Caplan","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00931.x","article-title":"Computed tomography diagnosis of isolated splenic torsion in a dog","volume":"42","author":"Patsikas","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1994.tb02552.x","article-title":"Successful derotation of a splenic torsion in a racing Greyhound","volume":"35","author":"Goldsmid","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00844.x","article-title":"at al. 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