{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:54:32Z","timestamp":1787025272585,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:bold>\n                    5 dogs (median age, 9 years; median body weight, 31 kg [68.2 lb]) with undefined nasal masses were examined after undergoing CT of the head and nasal biopsy via a rostral rhinoscopic or unaided (blind) approach because histologic results for collected biopsy specimens (inflammatory, necrotic, or hemorrhagic disease) suggested the specimens were nonrepresentative of the underlying disease process identified via CT (aggressive or malignant disease).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Clinical signs at the time dogs were evaluated included open-mouth breathing, sneezing, or unilateral epistaxis. Histologic findings pertaining to the original biopsy specimens were suggestive of benign processes such as inflammation. In an attempt to obtain better representative specimens, a frameless CT-guided stereotactic biopsy system (CTSBS) was used to collect additional biopsy specimens from masses within the nasal and sinus passages of the dogs. The second set of biopsy specimens was histologically evaluated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:bold>\n                    Histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens collected via the CTSBS revealed results suggestive of malignant neoplasia (specifically, chondrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma) for 3 dogs, mild mixed-cell inflammation for 1 dog, and hamartoma for 1 dog. No complications were reported. These findings resulted in a change in treatment recommendations for 3 dogs and confirmed that no additional treatment was required for 1 dog (with hamartoma). For the remaining dog, in which CT findings and clinical history were strongly suggestive of neoplasia, the final diagnosis was rhinitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Biopsy specimens were safely collected from masses within the nasal and sinus passages of dogs by use of a frameless CTSBS, allowing a definitive diagnosis that was unachievable with other biopsy approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.8.929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T16:59:06Z","timestamp":1459443546000},"page":"929-934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Use of a frameless computed tomography\u2013guided stereotactic biopsy system for nasal biopsy in five dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"248","author":[{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Kuhlman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley M.","family":"Thieman-Mankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey K.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12025","article-title":"Application and machine accuracy of a new frameless computed tomography-guided stereotactic brain biopsy system in dogs","volume":"54","author":"Taylor","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"344","article-title":"Evaluating oral mucosa bleeding times in healthy dogs using a spring-loaded device","volume":"30","author":"Forsyth","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9871-y","article-title":"Frame-based stereotaxy in a frameless era: current capabilities, relative role, and the positive- and negative predictive values of blood through the needle","volume":"93","author":"Owen","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"75","article-title":"Canine nasal disease","volume":"44","author":"Cohn","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"71","article-title":"A retrospective study of canine persistent nasal disease: 80 cases (1998\u20132003)","volume":"49","author":"Meler","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb02998.x","article-title":"Aetiology and diagnosis of persistent nasal disease in the dog: a retrospective study of 42 cases","volume":"40","author":"Tasker","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5608","article-title":"Nasal hydropulsion: a novel tumor biopsy technique","volume":"47","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.3.249","article-title":"Clinical findings, rhinoscopy and histological evaluation of 54 dogs with chronic nasal disease","volume":"11","author":"Pietra","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Withrow & MacEwen's small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"511","article-title":"Tumors of the respiratory system","author":"Withrow","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2005.12.016","article-title":"Canine and feline nasal neoplasia","volume":"21","author":"Malinowski","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"In Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f2017","article-title":"Canine nasal disease: investigation and management","volume":"35","author":"Moores","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30772-1","article-title":"The history of stereotactic neurosurgery","volume":"1","author":"Gildenberg","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.5.0878","article-title":"Transnasal stereotactic biopsy of a clivus tumor. 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Devices","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2.4.395","article-title":"Computer-aided surgery of the paranasal sinuses and skull base","volume":"2","author":"Wise","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(05)70052-9","article-title":"Computer-augmented endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"31","author":"Fried","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00041.x","article-title":"Stereotactic CT-guided brain biopsy in the dog","volume":"43","author":"Moissonnier","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00371.x","article-title":"CT-guided brain biopsy using a modified Pelorus Mark III stereotactic system: experience with 50 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J","first-page":"344","article-title":"Evaluating oral mucosa bleeding times in healthy dogs using a spring-loaded device","volume":"30","author":"Forsyth","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9871-y","article-title":"Frame-based stereotaxy in a frameless era: current capabilities, relative role, and the positive- and negative predictive values of blood through the needle","volume":"93","author":"Owen","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"75","article-title":"Canine nasal disease","volume":"44","author":"Cohn","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"71","article-title":"A retrospective study of canine persistent nasal disease: 80 cases (1998\u20132003)","volume":"49","author":"Meler","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb02998.x","article-title":"Aetiology and diagnosis of persistent nasal disease in the dog: a retrospective study of 42 cases","volume":"40","author":"Tasker","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5608","article-title":"Nasal hydropulsion: a novel tumor biopsy technique","volume":"47","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.3.249","article-title":"Clinical findings, rhinoscopy and histological evaluation of 54 dogs with chronic nasal disease","volume":"11","author":"Pietra","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Withrow & MacEwen's small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"511","article-title":"Tumors of the respiratory system","author":"Withrow","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2005.12.016","article-title":"Canine and feline nasal neoplasia","volume":"21","author":"Malinowski","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"In Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f2017","article-title":"Canine nasal disease: investigation and management","volume":"35","author":"Moores","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30772-1","article-title":"The history of stereotactic neurosurgery","volume":"1","author":"Gildenberg","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.5.0878","article-title":"Transnasal stereotactic biopsy of a clivus tumor. 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