{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T11:30:33Z","timestamp":1793100633133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To determine the incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) in tumor-bearing dogs concurrently treated with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and furosemide.<\/jats:p>\nDESIGN<\/jats:bold> Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\nANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 55 dogs.<\/jats:p>\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Record databases of 2 specialty practices were searched to identify dogs treated with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in conjunction with furosemide for a minimum of 28 days between January 2009 and December 2015. Information extracted from the records included signalment, tumor diagnosis, cyclophosphamide and furosemide dosages, and concurrent medications. Confirmed SHC was defined as the presence of gross or microscopic hematuria and clinical signs associated with lower urinary tract disease in the absence of infection or neoplasia of the urinary tract; the definition for suspected SHC was the same, except the absence of infection or neoplasia of the urinary tract was not confirmed.<\/jats:p>\nRESULTS<\/jats:bold> Cyclophosphamide dosage varied from 6.5 to 18.6 mg\/m2<\/jats:sup> once daily to 6.3 to 49.2 mg\/m2<\/jats:sup> every other day. Median duration of cyclophosphamide administration was 272 days (range, 28 to 1,393 days). Median cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide administered was 2,898 mg\/m2<\/jats:sup> (range, 224 to 14,725 mg\/m2<\/jats:sup>). Median furosemide dose was 1.4 mg\/kg (0.64 mg\/lb). Confirmed or suspected SHC was identified in 2 of 55 (3.6%) dogs. Cyclophosphamide administration was discontinued for the dog with confirmed SHC but not the dog with suspected SHC.<\/jats:p>\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results indicated that oral administration of furosemide in conjunction with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy was associated with a low incidence of SHC, which suggested that furosemide may protect against cyclophosphamide-induced SHC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.12.1408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T15:20:15Z","timestamp":1480519215000},"page":"1408-1414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in tumor-bearing dogs concurrently treated with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and furosemide: 55 cases (2009\u20132015)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela E.","family":"Frimberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony S.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6020","article-title":"Tolerability of lomustine in combination with cyclophosphamide in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"50","author":"Rassnick","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1388","article-title":"Risk factors for sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs with lymphoma receiving cyclophosphamide with or without concurrent administration of furosemide: 216 cases (1990\u20131996)","volume":"222","author":"Charney","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.7.1025","article-title":"Incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs receiving cyclophosphamide orally for three days without concurrent furosemide as part of a chemotherapeutic treatment for lymphoma: 57 cases (2007\u20132012)","volume":"243","author":"Best","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0179.x","article-title":"Metronomic therapy with cyclophosphamide and piroxicam effectively delays tumor recurrence in dogs with incompletely resected soft tissue sarcomas","volume":"22","author":"Elmslie","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03019.x","article-title":"Continuous low-dose oral chemotherapy for adjuvant therapy of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Lana","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1572","article-title":"Acute sterile hemorrhagic cystitis after a single intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide in three dogs","volume":"201","author":"Peterson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880201)61:3<451::AID-CNCR2820610308>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. 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