{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:17Z","timestamp":1775769017217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To use variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis to determine the infecting serovar and strain for leptospiral DNA isolated from canine urine samples confirmed through PCR testing to contain pathogenic leptospires and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of microscopic agglutination testing (MAT) for identifying the infecting serogroup.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DESIGN<\/jats:bold>\n                    Diagnostic survey and test evaluation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Leptospiral DNA isolated from urine samples from 98 dogs confirmed through PCR testing to have pathogenic leptospires in their urine.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    VNTR analysis of DNA isolates was performed to identify the infecting leptospiral serovar and strain by use of primer pairs for the loci 4, 7, 10, and Lb5. Eighteen pathogenic and 2 saprophytic leptospiral serovars were used as reference strains for VNTR analysis. Results of MAT were compared with those of the PCR assay and VNTR analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity of MAT for diagnosing leptospirosis and identifying the infecting serovar at various reciprocal titers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    VNTR analysis identified\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Grippotyphosa strain DF as the most common infecting serovar in dogs (78\/98 [80%]). Thirteen unique VNTR patterns could not be identified by comparison with the\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    reference strains used. The MAT had a maximum sensitivity of 41% and a specificity of 100% for identifying Grippotyphosa as the infecting serogroup.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Findings confirmed the importance of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Grippotyphosa among dogs in the United States. Serologic testing had poor sensitivity for identifying the infecting serogroup, and conclusions about emerging serogroups should be cautiously interpreted when serologic data are reported.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.4.399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T10:48:34Z","timestamp":1470048514000},"page":"399-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Variable-number tandem-repeat analysis of leptospiral DNA isolated from canine urine samples molecularly confirmed to contain pathogenic leptospires"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Harkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Hays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/346208","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0252","article-title":"The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is an unreliable predictor of infecting Leptospira serovar in Thailand","volume":"81","author":"Smythe","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00526.x","article-title":"A serological and bacteriological survey of leptospiral infection in dogs in Edinburgh and Glasgow","volume":"32","author":"van den Broek","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0704.x","article-title":"Variability in results of the microscopic agglutination test in dogs with clinical leptospirosis and dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1230","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs","volume":"222","author":"Harkin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Int J Zoonoses","first-page":"33","article-title":"Leptospirosis in dogs and cats on the island of Trinidad: West Indies","volume":"6","author":"Everard","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Asian Pac J Trop 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serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni isolates from Brazil","volume":"77","author":"Miraglia","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2007.03.004","article-title":"Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona from Argentina reveals four new genotypes","volume":"31","author":"Pavan","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00336-06","article-title":"Application of multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for molecular typing of the agent of leptospirosis","volume":"44","author":"Sala\u00fcn","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.539-545.2005","article-title":"Identification of variable-number tandem-repeat loci in Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto","volume":"43","author":"Majed","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000500011","article-title":"A combined approach of VNTR and MLST analysis: improving molecular typing of Argentinean isolates of Leptospira interrogans","volume":"107","author":"Caimi","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02482-13","article-title":"High-resolution typing of Leptospira interrogans strains by multispacer sequence typing","volume":"52","author":"Zilber","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.12.3140-3146.1997","article-title":"Identification of pathogenic Leptospira genospecies by continuous monitoring of fluorogenic hybridization probes during rapid-cycle PCR","volume":"35","author":"Woo","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1224","article-title":"Clinical application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"222","author":"Harkin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1086\/340615","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998","volume":"34","author":"Morgan","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1207.060370","article-title":"Leptospirosis in squirrels imported from United States to Japan","volume":"12","author":"Masuzawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.49.10.1343","article-title":"An investigation of possible wild animal hosts of leptospires in the area of the \u201cFort Bragg Fever\u201d outbreaks","volume":"49","author":"Galton","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1962.11.518","article-title":"Leptospirosis in wild mammals from southwestern Georgia","volume":"11","author":"Gorman","year":"1962"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-7.2.115","article-title":"Leptospirosis in cottontail and swamp rabbits of the Mississippi Delta","volume":"7","author":"Shotts","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"587","article-title":"Leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the Florida panhandle and southwestern Georgia","volume":"167","author":"Shotts","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Public Health Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/4592951","article-title":"Leptospiral interspecies infections on an Illinois farm","volume":"82","author":"Martin","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"435","article-title":"Infections with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Leptospira interrogans, serovars Grippotyphosa and Ballum, in a kennel of Foxhounds","volume":"180","author":"Cole","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Leptospira interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa infection in dogs","volume":"209","author":"Brown","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-10-199611150-00002","article-title":"Sporadic urban leptospirosis","volume":"125","author":"Vinetz","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-79-6-777","article-title":"Human leptospirosis from immunized dogs","volume":"79","author":"Feigin","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis in Detroit","volume":"41","author":"Thiermann","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-839","article-title":"Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies","volume":"49","author":"Brenner","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1958","article-title":"Serovar-specific prevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis among dogs: 90 cases (1997\u20132002)","volume":"224","author":"Ward","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00345.x","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis: a retrospective study of 17 cases","volume":"6","author":"Rentko","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Ther","first-page":"178","article-title":"Leptospirosis in dogs: a serologic survey and case series 1996 to 2001","volume":"4","author":"Boutilier","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03640.x","article-title":"Naturally acquired leptospirosis in 36 dogs: serological and clinicopathological features","volume":"39","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-6-495","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990\u20131995)","volume":"32","author":"Harkin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.371","article-title":"Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis: 36 cases (1990\u20131998)","volume":"216","author":"Adin","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1086\/650578","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis among adventure race participants in Florida, 2005","volume":"50","author":"Stern","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050809","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis, United States, 2002\u20132004","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.3.293","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against Leptospira serovars via microscopic agglutination tests in dogs in the United States, 2000\u20132007","volume":"237","author":"Gautam","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.009","article-title":"A century of Leptospira strain typing","volume":"9","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/346208","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0252","article-title":"The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is an unreliable predictor of infecting Leptospira serovar in Thailand","volume":"81","author":"Smythe","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00526.x","article-title":"A serological and bacteriological survey of leptospiral infection in dogs in Edinburgh and Glasgow","volume":"32","author":"van den Broek","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0704.x","article-title":"Variability in results of the microscopic agglutination test in dogs with clinical leptospirosis and dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1230","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs","volume":"222","author":"Harkin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Int J Zoonoses","first-page":"33","article-title":"Leptospirosis in dogs and cats on the island of Trinidad: West Indies","volume":"6","author":"Everard","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60205-8","article-title":"High prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in wild and domesticated animals in an endemic area of China","volume":"4","author":"Yalin","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0508-y","article-title":"Leptospirosis in pigs, dogs, rodents, humans, and water in an area of the Colombian tropics","volume":"46","author":"Calder\u00f3n","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1980.34709","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars Tarassovi and Pomona from dogs","volume":"28","author":"Mackintosh","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Acta Trop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.02.009","article-title":"Molecular 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Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.12.3140-3146.1997","article-title":"Identification of pathogenic Leptospira genospecies by continuous monitoring of fluorogenic hybridization probes during rapid-cycle PCR","volume":"35","author":"Woo","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1224","article-title":"Clinical application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"222","author":"Harkin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1086\/340615","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998","volume":"34","author":"Morgan","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Emerg Infect 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