{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T05:10:11Z","timestamp":1750741811377,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Description and performance of an ultrasound-guided Peterson (UP) block technique were compared to those of a conventional modified retrobulbar (RB) nerve block in bovine cadaver heads by use of CT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was an original descriptive study using 10 normal orbits from 5 bovid cadavers between April 17 and 23, 2024. Standardized techniques for the modified RB and UP blocks were utilized, with each technique randomly performed on either orbit of each head. Blocks were performed with 9-cm, 18-gauge spinal needles and iopamidol as a contrast solution. Ultrasound guidance involved the use of a 12-MHz linear transducer, and subsequent imaging of contrast distribution was performed with a GE Lightspeed 16-slice CT scanner.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Contrast deposition within the intraconal space was observed in 5 of 5 RB blocks and 5 of 5 UP blocks. No extraconal contrast deposition was observed in either block technique. Extension of contrast in close association with the optic nerve to the level of orbital foramen was observed in 5 of 5 RB orbits and 5 of 5 UP orbits. Extension of the contrast to the level of the foramen orbitorotundum was seen in 5 of 5 RB orbits and 3 of 5 UP orbits. Correct needle placement was observed in 5 of 5 UP orbits and confirmed on CT images.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The RB and UP blocks performed similarly, demonstrating similar intraconal distribution of contrast medium and no inadvertent distribution to unintended anatomical locations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The performance of the ultrasound-guided technique in live cattle and ability to successfully achieve adequate blockade need further study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.02.0082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1744211942000},"page":"866-870","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Similar performance between modified retrobulbar and ultrasound-guided Peterson nerve blocks using computed tomography in bovine cadavers"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Jenna E.","family":"Bayne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"611","article-title":"Bovine enucleation: a retrospective study of 53 cases (1998-2006)","volume":"51","author":"Schulz KL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KL, Anderson DE. Bovine enucleation: a retrospective study of 53 cases (1998-2006). Can Vet J. 2010;51(6):611-614."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"14","article-title":"A review of ophthalmic local and regional anesthesia in dogs and cats","volume":"46","author":"Shilo-Benjamini Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shilo-Benjamini Y. A review of ophthalmic local and regional anesthesia in dogs and cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2019;46(1):14-27. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.10.004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Bovine Anatomy: An Illustrated Text","author":"Budras KD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Budras KD, Habel RE, M\u00fclling CKW,  Bovine Anatomy: An Illustrated Text. 2nd ed. Schl\u00fctersche Verlagsgesellschaft; 2011."},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Large Animal Neurology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practical neuroanatomy","author":"Mayhew IGJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayhew IGJ, MacKay RJ. Practical neuroanatomy. In: Large Animal Neurology. 3rd ed. Wiley; 2022:1-10."},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Guide to Ruminant Anatomy: Dissection and Clinical Aspects","first-page":"1","article-title":"The head, neck, and vertebral column","author":"Mansour M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansour M, Wilhite R, Rowe J, Hafiz S. The head, neck, and vertebral column. In: Guide to Ruminant Anatomy: Dissection and Clinical Aspects. 2nd ed. Wiley; 2023:1-62."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"852","article-title":"Comparison of the retrobulbar and Peterson nerve block techniques via magnetic resonance imaging in bovine cadavers","volume":"223","author":"Pearce SG","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pearce SG, Kerr CL, Bour\u00e9 LP, Thompson K, Dobson H. Comparison of the retrobulbar and Peterson nerve block techniques via magnetic resonance imaging in bovine cadavers. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223(6):852-855. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.223.852"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"1760","article-title":"Food-animal regional anesthesia. Bovine blocks: ocular","volume":"75","author":"Elmore RG","year":"1980","unstructured":"Elmore RG. Food-animal regional anesthesia. Bovine blocks: ocular. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1980;75(11):1760-1762."},{"issue":"888","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"145","article-title":"Nerve block of the eye and associated structures","volume":"118","author":"Peterson DR","year":"1951","unstructured":"Peterson DR. Nerve block of the eye and associated structures. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1951;118(888):145-148."},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs","first-page":"159","article-title":"Local and regional anesthesia in food animals","author":"Rush J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rush J, Stockler J. Local and regional anesthesia in food animals. In: Lin HC, Passler T, Clark-Price S, eds. Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs. 2nd ed. Wiley; 2022:159-188."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"Rev MVZ Cordoba","first-page":"e2854","article-title":"Efecto del bloqueo retrobulbar en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca durante la exenteraci\u00f3n en vacas. Effect of retrobulbar block on heart rate variability during exenteration in cows","volume":"28","author":"Cede\u00f1o-Quevedo DA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cede\u00f1o-Quevedo DA, Botina-Jim\u00e9nez M, Enr\u00edquez Rodr\u00edguez C. Efecto del bloqueo retrobulbar en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca durante la exenteraci\u00f3n en vacas. Effect of retrobulbar block on heart rate variability during exenteration in cows. Rev MVZ Cordoba. 2023;28(1):e2854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21897\/rmvz.2854"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Master\u2019s case report submission. University of Nairobi","article-title":"Complications Associated With Retrobulbar Regional Anesthesia in Bovine: Case Report","author":"Edwin WM","unstructured":"Edwin WM. Complications Associated With Retrobulbar Regional Anesthesia in Bovine: Case Report. Master\u2019s case report submission. University of Nairobi. Accessed March 31, 2025. https:\/\/cmapspublic3.ihmc.us\/rid=1V122B023-2J2RJZ-MM\/Complications%20Retrobulbar%20Regional%20Anaesthesia%20in%20Bovine-case_report.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","first-page":"564","article-title":"Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks: a review","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad S","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks: a review. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15(7):564-569. doi:10.1016\/j.jclinane.2003.01.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"781","article-title":"Possible brainstem anaesthesia in a cat after ultrasound-guided retrobulbar block","volume":"13","author":"Papastefanou A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papastefanou A, Rioja E. Possible brainstem anaesthesia in a cat after ultrasound-guided retrobulbar block. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(5):781. doi:10.3390\/ani13050781"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"332","article-title":"The retrobulbar block: a review of techniques used and reported complications","volume":"33","author":"McKinney RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKinney RA. The retrobulbar block: a review of techniques used and reported complications. Equine Vet Educ. 2021;33(6):332-336. doi:10.1111\/eve.13351"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Local Reg Anesth","first-page":"57","article-title":"Ophthalmic regional blocks: management, challenges, and solutions","volume":"8","author":"Palte HD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palte HD. Ophthalmic regional blocks: management, challenges, and solutions. Local Reg Anesth. 2015;8:57-70. doi:10.2147\/LRA.S64806"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Ophthalmic Ultrasonography","first-page":"195","article-title":"Ocular ultrasound guided anesthesia","author":"Gayer S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gayer S, Shaw ES. Ocular ultrasound guided anesthesia. In: Singh AD, Hayden BC, eds. Ophthalmic Ultrasonography. Elsevier; 2012:195-200."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"197","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve block in donkey cadavers","volume":"49","author":"Hagag U","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagag U, El Nahas A. Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve block in donkey cadavers. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2022;49(2):197-202. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.01.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"154","article-title":"Comparing blind and ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve blocks in equine cadavers: the training effect","volume":"12","author":"Hermans H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hermans H, Lloyd-Edwards RA, Ferr\u00e3o-van Sommeren AJH,  Comparing blind and ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve blocks in equine cadavers: the training effect. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(2):154. doi:10.3390\/ani12020154"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"e22","article-title":"Description of a novel ultrasound guided peribulbar block in horses: a cadaveric study","volume":"22","author":"Leigh H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leigh H, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Esteve V, Guti\u00e9rrez Bautista \u00c1J, Martin Gimenez T, Viscasillas J. Description of a novel ultrasound guided peribulbar block in horses: a cadaveric study. J Vet Sci. 2021;22(2):e22. doi:10.4142\/jvs.2021.22.e22"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"205","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve block in horses: a cadaveric study","volume":"40","author":"Morath U","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morath U, Luyet C, Spadavecchia C, Stoffel MH, Hatch GM. Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve block in horses: a cadaveric study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40(2):205-211. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00780.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Safety and accuracy of blind vs. ultrasound-guided dorsal retrobulbar nerve blocks in horses\u2014a cadaveric study","volume":"26","author":"Thieme K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thieme K, Mesquita L, Lieberth S, Dancker C, Doherr MG, Eule JC. Safety and accuracy of blind vs. ultrasound-guided dorsal retrobulbar nerve blocks in horses\u2014a cadaveric study. Vet Ophthalmol. 2023;26(2):135-144. doi:10.1111\/vop.13053"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Development of an ultrasound-guided technique for retrobulbar nerve block in dromedary camels: a cadaveric study","volume":"45","author":"Badawy AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badawy AM, Eshra EA. Development of an ultrasound-guided technique for retrobulbar nerve block in dromedary camels: a cadaveric study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(2):175-182. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.09.039"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref23","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004083","article-title":"Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery","volume":"2015","author":"Alhassan MB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alhassan MB, Kyari F, Ejere HO. Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(7):CD004083. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD004083.pub3"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/7\/javma.25.02.0082.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/7\/javma.25.02.0082.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/7\/javma.25.02.0082.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T04:47:18Z","timestamp":1750740438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/7\/javma.25.02.0082.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.02.0082","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}