{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:06:34Z","timestamp":1755223594375,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy of 2 alcohol-based hand preparations (61% weight\/weight ethanol and 1% chlorhexidine gluconate [Avagard; 3M] and 85% weight\/weight ethanol [Sterillium; BODE Chemie GmbH]) in reducing bacterial colony count with the glove-juice method. We hypothesized that there would be no difference between hand preparations immediately following or 1 hour after application.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A prospective clinical trial was performed with sampling on August 3, 2023. Preliminary CFUs were obtained from both hands of 8 participants via glove-juice sampling from sterile gloves. Participants washed their hands with a neutral soap before the application of any antiseptics. Avagard was applied to the right hand and Sterillium was applied to the left hand by sterile assistants according to the manufacturer\u2019s guidelines. Glove-juice samples were taken immediately after application and 1 hour after application. Samples were cultured and evaluated within 48 hours of plating. Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>-reduction CFUs were compared between antiseptics and across time points.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results were based on 7 participants due to a missing time point. Both Sterillium and Avagard showed a reduction in CFUs immediately after application. For Avagard, there was a sustained reduction in CFUs at 1 hour after application.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both hand preparations were effective antiseptics immediately following application. Avagard was effective at reducing bacterial CFUs 1 hour after application.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Unless for reapplication, only Avagard should be considered if surgery is expected to be longer than 1 hour or reapplication of Sterillium is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.02.0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1747391172000},"page":"1033-1038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-term bactericidal properties differ between 2 alcohol-based surgical antiseptic products using the glove-juice technique"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-8914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katrijn D.","family":"Whisenant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8655-8069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Holly L.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Rossney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean W.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: First Global Patient Safety Challenge. Clean Care Is Safer Care","author":"WHO","year":"2009","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: First Global Patient Safety Challenge. Clean Care Is Safer Care. WHO; 2009."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004288","article-title":"Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection","volume":"2016","author":"Tanner J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanner J, Dumville JC, Norman G, Fortnam M. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(1):CD004288. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD004288.pub3"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"382","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical scrub methods for large animal surgeons","volume":"26","author":"Wan PY","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wan PY, Blackford JT, Bemis DA, Rohrbach BW, Knoll DE, Provenza MK. Evaluation of surgical scrub methods for large animal surgeons. Vet Surg. 1997;26(5):382-385. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1997.tb01697.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"515","article-title":"Antibacterial efficacy of several surgical hand preparation products used by veterinary students","volume":"45","author":"Chou PY","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chou PY, Doyle AJ, Arai S, Burke PJ, Bailey TR. Antibacterial efficacy of several surgical hand preparation products used by veterinary students. Vet Surg. 2016;45(4):515-522. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12473"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"447","article-title":"Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of 4 surgical hand-preparation procedures prior to application of an alcohol-based hand rub in veterinary students","volume":"51","author":"Viljoen H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Viljoen H, Schoeman JP, Fosgate GT, Boucher C. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of 4 surgical hand-preparation procedures prior to application of an alcohol-based hand rub in veterinary students. Vet Surg. 2022;51(3):447-454. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13783"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"17","article-title":"Efficacy of two distinct ethanol-based hand rubs for surgical hand disinfection - a controlled trial according to prEN 12791","volume":"5","author":"Kampf G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kampf G, Ostermeyer C. Efficacy of two distinct ethanol-based hand rubs for surgical hand disinfection - a controlled trial according to prEN 12791. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5(1):17. doi:10.1186\/1471-2334-5-17"},{"article-title":"Comit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de Normalisation","author":"Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics\u2014surgical hand disinfection: test method and requirement (phase 2, step 2)","key":"ref7","unstructured":"Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics\u2014surgical hand disinfection: test method and requirement (phase 2, step 2). Comit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de Normalisation. prEN 12791 (1997)."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Infect Control","first-page":"421","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial counts in glove juice of surgeons wearing smooth band rings versus those without rings","volume":"34","author":"Waterman TR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waterman TR, Smeak DD, Kowalski J, Hade EM. Comparison of bacterial counts in glove juice of surgeons wearing smooth band rings versus those without rings. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34(7):421-425. doi:10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.11.007"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1525","article-title":"The impact of gel fingernail polish application on the reduction of bacterial viability following a surgical hand scrub","volume":"50","author":"Anderson SL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson SL, Wisnieski L, Achilles SL, Wooton KE, Shaffer CL, Hunt JA. The impact of gel fingernail polish application on the reduction of bacterial viability following a surgical hand scrub. Vet Surg. 2021;50(7):1525-1532. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13703"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Fed Regist","first-page":"31441","article-title":"Tentative final monograph for healthcare antiseptic drug products; proposed rule","volume":"59","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tentative final monograph for healthcare antiseptic drug products; proposed rule. Fed Regist. 1994;59:31441-31452."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"3856","article-title":"Evaluation of two methods of determining the efficacies of two alcohol-based hand rubs for surgical hand antisepsis","volume":"72","author":"Kampf G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kampf G, Ostermeyer C, Heeg P, Paulson D. Evaluation of two methods of determining the efficacies of two alcohol-based hand rubs for surgical hand antisepsis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(6):3856-3861. doi:10.1128\/AEM.02746-05"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Behav Res Methods","first-page":"175","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-191. doi:10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref13","series-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol","first-page":"884","article-title":"CDC Epicenter Prevention Program. Comparison of two glove-sampling methods to discriminate between study arms of a hand hygiene and glove-use study","volume":"39","author":"Robinson GL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robinson GL, Otieno L, Johnson JK, ; CDC Epicenter Prevention Program. Comparison of two glove-sampling methods to discriminate between study arms of a hand hygiene and glove-use study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39(7):884-885. doi:10.1017\/ice.2018.91"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0093.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0093.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0093.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T04:23:16Z","timestamp":1754972596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0093.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.02.0093","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}