{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:26:38Z","timestamp":1793042798764,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":2,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe and demonstrate the collection of abdominal fluid from a standing, sedated equine patient.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>1 healthy university-owned animal was used for abdominocentesis demonstration. Images from various clinical cases from the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital are shown.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Under standing sedation, a 10 X 10-cm area is clipped and aseptically prepared on the most dependent portion of the abdomen to the right of midline. One to 2 mL of 2% lidocaine is instilled subcutaneously and into the abdominal musculature at the abdominocentesis site. A stab incision is made through the skin and external rectus sheath with a No. 15 blade, and the blade is rotated 180\u00b0. A teat cannula is placed into the incision, and pressure is applied to penetrate the peritoneum. The teat cannula is rotated as necessary to achieve fluid. Alternatively, an 18-gauge, 1.5-inch needle can be inserted through the skin in the ventral abdomen in the center of the aseptically prepared area (no lidocaine block or incision needed).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Abdominal fluid is collected in a red top tube for stall side parameters (lactate and total protein) or culture and a purple top tube for cytologic evaluation. Normal fluid is straw-colored and clear, with a total protein &lt; 2 g\/dL and L-lactate &lt; 2 mmol\/L (or similar to peripheral L-lactate), and has a nucleated cell count &lt; 500 cells\/\u00b5L.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Abdominal fluid is a useful diagnostic tool to investigate conditions of the equine abdomen. When used in conjunction with other diagnostic procedures, abdominocentesis helps guide treatment and referral decisions in colic patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.02.0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T10:29:35Z","timestamp":1746613775000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How to perform abdominocentesis and interpret abdominal fluid in equine patients"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Julie P.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2636-1544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9660-732X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Diagnostic Techniques in Equine Medicine","first-page":"45","article-title":"Alimentary diseases","author":"Blikslager AT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blikslager AT. Alimentary diseases. In: Taylor FGR, Brazil TJ, Hillyer MH, eds. Diagnostic Techniques in Equine Medicine. 2nd ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2010:45-48."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Surgery","first-page":"521","article-title":"Colic: diagnosis, surgical decision, preoperative management, and surgical approaches to the abdomen","author":"Marshall JF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marshall JF, Blikslager AT. Colic: diagnosis, surgical decision, preoperative management, and surgical approaches to the abdomen. In: Auer JA, Stick JA, K\u00fcmmerle JM, Prange T, eds. Equine Surgery. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2019:521-528."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0123.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0123.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0123.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T04:23:22Z","timestamp":1754972602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/8\/javma.25.02.0123.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":2,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.02.0123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}