{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:19:49Z","timestamp":1785766789895,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate compliance and persistence of topical ophthalmic medications prescribed to dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Retrospective review of medical records from dogs examined by the Ophthalmology Service at Kansas State University from April 2022 through July 2024, prescribed at least 1 topical ophthalmic medication, and returned for 1 recheck examination. Medication compliance and persistence (MCP) was reported by clients and evaluated at the client level and individual drug level. A general linear model and \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> tests were used to analyze variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, 273 of 381 (72%) of clients administered all medications as prescribed and 496 of 592 (79%) individual medications were given as prescribed. Factors significantly associated with MCP included appointment type (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .002), medication frequency (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .006), recheck interval (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .002), and recheck compliance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .002). Patients presented to other services had reduced odds of MCP when compared to appointments directly with the Ophthalmology Service (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.57). Odds of MCP were lower with a recheck interval &gt; 30 days (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.62) and a prescribed frequency &gt; 4 times daily (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.61). Immunomodulatory and glaucoma drugs had a significantly higher MCP rate (92% <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .02 and 89% <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04, respectively), while lubricants had a lower MCP rate (70% <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04). Depletion of medication supply was the most common reason for non-MCP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Type, frequency, and access to medication, appointment type, and recheck factors influenced MCP in this population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Shorter recheck intervals and providing an adequate supply of medication may improve MCP of topical ophthalmic medications prescribed to dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.03.0132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T15:19:36Z","timestamp":1749655176000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retrospective study of compliance and persistence of topical ophthalmic medications prescribed to dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Bowyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Meekins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda M.","family":"Bortoluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy J.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Value Health","first-page":"44","article-title":"Medication compliance and persistence: terminology and definitions","volume":"11","author":"Cramer JA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cramer JA, Roy A, Burrell A,  Medication compliance and persistence: terminology and definitions. 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