{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T03:01:51Z","timestamp":1755226911608,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is an important zoonotic pathogen of wildlife and humans. Adult white ibis (<jats:italic>Eudocimus albus<\/jats:italic>), an abundant bird in urbanized landscapes in Florida, have a high <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> prevalence (26%). <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> surveillance of nestlings improves our understanding of transmission and infection dynamics and disease risks. To determine <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> epidemiology in ibis nestlings, 2 studies were conducted. First, 24 free-living ibis chicks were captured for an experimental infection trial to evaluate susceptibility and clinical outcome. Most (58%) were shedding <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> at capture, but prevalence decreased to zero. After there were no <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> detections for 5 weeks, the chicks were inoculated with 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium. Seven had evidence of inoculation: 3 of 7 (42.8%) shed at 1 day following inoculation and 1 of 7 (14.2%) at 5 days following inoculation. Only 1 bird developed clinical signs for approximately 24 hours. Second, the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> prevalence between free-living nestlings from 1 urban and 2 natural rookeries were compared. Weekly sampling from hatch until fledging revealed <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> shedding up to 22 days. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> prevalence was higher in the urban nestlings. Thirty-two serotypes were detected; <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Rubislaw and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Reading were the most common, and 19% and 13% of serotypes were in the top 10 and 20 responsible for human cases in the US, respectively. These studies show an absence of clinical disease with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection in young birds and the demographic and anthropogenic factors that impact <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> shedding, relevant at the human-wildlife interface. An important aspect of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> epidemiology is environmental persistence, which is addressed in a companion Currents in One Health by Perez et al, <jats:italic>AJVR<\/jats:italic>, June 2025.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.03.0144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T17:48:06Z","timestamp":1751478486000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salmonella infections in white ibis nestlings in urban areas as a result of environmental contamination reveal a potential health risk to humans and animals"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Julia Silva","family":"Seixas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine F.","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Norfolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Scott","family":"Rozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kurimo-Beechuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hoopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Yabsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin K.","family":"Lipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med","first-page":"50","article-title":"Salmonellosis in wild birds","volume":"13","author":"Tizard I","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tizard I. 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