{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:41:59Z","timestamp":1763750519654,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Grape and raisin ingestion causes acute renal failure in dogs, recently attributed to tartaric acid toxicity. Standard treatments lack specific antidotes, creating a need for novel therapeutic strategies. Calcium carbonate (CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    could theoretically neutralize tartaric acid in the gastrointestinal tract by forming insoluble calcium tartrate, potentially reducing systemic absorption. Although not yet clinically validated, analogous approaches for oxalate and fluoride poisonings suggest feasibility. This Viewpoint presented chemical and physiological rationales, stoichiometric calculations, practical clinical applications, and safety considerations. We propose the cautious clinical exploration of oral calcium carbonate as an adjunctive treatment in canine tartaric acid toxicosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.03.0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T12:23:26Z","timestamp":1755779006000},"page":"1-2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Could oral calcium carbonate mitigate tartaric acid toxicity in dogs? A novel hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Ridge Veterinary Hospital, Chadds Ford, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahzad","family":"Bolduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"812","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in dogs following ingestion of cream of tartar and tamarinds and the connection to tartaric acid as the proposed toxic principle in grapes and raisins","volume":"32","author":"Wegenast CA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wegenast CA, Meadows ID, Anderson RE, Southard T, Gonz\u00e1lez Barrientos CR, Wismer TA. Acute kidney injury in dogs following ingestion of cream of tartar and tamarinds and the connection to tartaric acid as the proposed toxic principle in grapes and raisins. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2022;32(6):812-816. doi:10.1111\/vec.13234"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"Czech J Food Sci","first-page":"361","article-title":"Profiling of primary metabolites in grapes of interspecific grapevine varieties: sugars and organic acids","volume":"29","author":"Pavlousek P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pavlousek P, Kum\u0161ta M. Profiling of primary metabolites in grapes of interspecific grapevine varieties: sugars and organic acids. Czech J Food Sci. 2011;29(4):361-372."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"663","article-title":"Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002)","volume":"19","author":"Eubig PA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eubig PA, Brady MS, Gwaltney-Brant SM, Khan SA, Mazzaferro EM, Morrow CMK. Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002). J Vet Intern Med. 2005;19(5):663-674. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02744.x"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"ChemPRIME","article-title":"Foods - calcium tartrate and treatment of wine waster-waters","author":"Vitz E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vitz E, Moore JW, Shorb J, Prat-Resina X, Wendorff T, Hahn A. Foods - calcium tartrate and treatment of wine waster-waters. In: ChemPRIME. LibreTexts; 2016:14.12.1. Accessed March 10, 2025. https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)\/14%3A_Ionic_Equilib ria_in_Aqueous_Solutions\/14.12%3A_The_Common-Ion_Effect\/14.12.01%3A_Foods-_Calcium_Tartrate_and_Treatment_of_Wine_Waster-Waters"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1957","article-title":"Toxicosis with grapes or raisins causing acute kidney injury and neurological signs in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Schweighauser A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schweighauser A, Henke D, Oevermann A, Gurtner C, Francey T. Toxicosis with grapes or raisins causing acute kidney injury and neurological signs in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):1957-1966. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15884"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Papich Handbook of Veterinary Drugs","author":"Papich MG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papich MG. Papich Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. 5th ed. Saunders; 2021."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/12\/javma.25.03.0160.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/12\/javma.25.03.0160.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/12\/javma.25.03.0160.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:38:26Z","timestamp":1763750306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/12\/javma.25.03.0160.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.03.0160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}