{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:04:00Z","timestamp":1779228240265,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"S2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess factors associated with first-time successful IV catheter (IVC) insertion in dogs presenting to an emergency room and to describe the reasons for IVC insertion failure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This prospective study evaluated dogs requiring IVC insertion over a 3-month period. Variables assessed included vein utilized, catheter size, reason for insertion, operator performing the catheterization and their related experience, as well as whether veins were visible or palpable.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were 372 catheters inserted in 359 dogs. Of the catheters where insertion success was documented, 85.6% (309 of 361) were successfully inserted on the first attempt with the greatest number of successful catheters (96%; 298 of 309) inserted in a cephalic vein. Veterinary technicians had the highest first-time success rate (87.6%; 248 of 283), while veterinarians had the lowest (75%; 15 of 20), although this difference was not statistically significant. The first-time insertion success was more likely when the operator had inserted over 500 catheters previously (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.59 to 7.93). Vein visibility (OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.55 to 8.37) and palpability (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.39 to 9.53) were also associated with first-time insertion success. Veins resistant to catheter advancement, operator inexperience, and patient hypotension were the most reported reasons by operators for insertion failure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Greater operator experience and easily identifiable veins (visible and\/or palpable) significantly increase the likelihood of first-time insertion in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Providing veterinary technicians with more opportunities to perform IV insertion could improve success rates, especially in cases of difficult venous access.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.03.0212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:24:28Z","timestamp":1752236668000},"page":"S10-S15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Operator experience and easily identifiable veins predict first-time intravenous catheterization success rates in dogs in an emergency room"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Leaundra","family":"Singleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Sumners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britny","family":"Chunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amyia","family":"Jupiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prathima","family":"Garudadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chika","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1160-3416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adesola","family":"Odunayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"The Veterinary ICU Book","first-page":"58","article-title":"Emergency vascular access and intravenous catheterization","author":"Wingfield SGB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wingfield SGB. Emergency vascular access and intravenous catheterization. In: The Veterinary ICU Book: CRC Press; 2020:58\u201367."},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"356","article-title":"Comparison of success rate and time to obtain venous cannulation by cutdown technique at 3 locations using canine cadavers","author":"Jones N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones N, Handel IG, Llewellyn E. Comparison of success rate and time to obtain venous cannulation by cutdown technique at 3 locations using canine cadavers. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2022;32(3):356\u2013364. doi:10.1111\/vec.13183"},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"Heart Lung","first-page":"345","article-title":"Variables influencing intravenous catheter insertion difficulty and failure: an analysis of 339 intravenous catheter insertions","author":"Jacobson AF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jacobson AF, Winslow EH. Variables influencing intravenous catheter insertion difficulty and failure: an analysis of 339 intravenous catheter insertions. Heart Lung. 2005;34(5):345\u2013359. doi:10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2005.04.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"Emerg Med Australas","first-page":"862","article-title":"Peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in adult patients with difficult intravenous access: a systematic review of assessment instruments, clinical practice guidelines and escalation pathways","author":"Paterson RS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paterson RS, Schults JA, Slaughter E, et al. Peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in adult patients with difficult intravenous access: a systematic review of assessment instruments, clinical practice guidelines and escalation pathways. Emerg Med Australas. 2022;34(6):862\u2013870. doi:10.1111\/1742-6723.14069"},{"issue":"6","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vasc Nurs","first-page":"64","article-title":"Critical care nurses\u2019 experiences of performing successful peripheral intravenous catheterization in difficult situations","author":"Forsberg A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forsberg A, Engstr\u00f6m \u00c5. Critical care nurses\u2019 experiences of performing successful peripheral intravenous catheterization in difficult situations. J Vasc Nurs. 2018;36(6):64\u201370. doi:10.1016\/j.jvn.2018.02.002"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"B6","series-title":"Biomed Mat Eng","first-page":"93","article-title":"Failed attempts and improvement strategies in peripheral intravenous catheterization","author":"Sabri A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sabri A, Szalas J, Holmes KS, Labib L, Mussivand T. Failed attempts and improvement strategies in peripheral intravenous catheterization. Biomed Mat Eng. 2013;23(1-2):93\u2013108. doi:10.3233\/BME-120735"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"703595","article-title":"Advanced vascular access in small animal emergency and critical care","author":"Lee JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JA, Guieu L-VS, Bussi\u00e8res G, Smith CK. Advanced vascular access in small animal emergency and critical care. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:703595. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.703595"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"World J Emerg Med","first-page":"467","article-title":"Management of difficult intravenous access: a qualitative review","author":"Ng M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng M, Mark LKF, Fatimah L. Management of difficult intravenous access: a qualitative review. World J Emerg Med. 2022;13(6):467. doi:10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.104"},{"issue":"3","key":"B9","series-title":"J Intraven Nurs","first-page":"160","article-title":"Success rates for peripheral IV insertion in a children\u2019s hospital","author":"Frey AM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frey AM. Success rates for peripheral IV insertion in a children\u2019s hospital. J Intraven Nurs. 1998;21(3):160\u2013165."},{"issue":"5","key":"B10","series-title":"Pediatr Nurs","first-page":"351","article-title":"Pediatric peripheral IV insertion success rates","author":"Lininger RA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lininger RA. Pediatric peripheral IV insertion success rates. Pediatr Nurs. 2003;29(5):351."},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","series-title":"J Vasc Access","first-page":"182","article-title":"Insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulae in the emergency department: factors associated with first-time insertion success","author":"Carr PJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carr PJ, Rippey JC, Budgeon CA, Cooke ML, Higgins N, Rickard CM. Insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulae in the emergency department: factors associated with first-time insertion success. J Vasc Access. 2016;17(2):182\u2013190. doi:10.5301\/jva.5000487"},{"issue":"15","key":"B12","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"S19","article-title":"A pilot intravenous cannulation team: an Irish perspective","author":"Carr PJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carr PJ, Glynn RW, Dineen B, Kameda G, Hanano R, L\u00e4ngler A. A pilot intravenous cannulation team: an Irish perspective. Br J Nurs. 2010;19(15):S19\u2013S27. doi:10.12968\/bjon.2010.19.Sup3.48214"},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","series-title":"J Emerge Med","first-page":"483","article-title":"IV access difficulty: incidence and delays in an urban emergency department","author":"Witting MD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Witting MD. IV access difficulty: incidence and delays in an urban emergency department. J Emerge Med. 2012;42(4):483\u2013487. doi:10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.07.030"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e022278","article-title":"Factors associated with peripheral intravenous cannulation first-time insertion success in the emergency department. A multicentre prospective cohort analysis of patient, clinician and product characteristics","author":"Carr PJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carr PJ, Rippey JC, Cooke ML, et al. Factors associated with peripheral intravenous cannulation first-time insertion success in the emergency department. A multicentre prospective cohort analysis of patient, clinician and product characteristics. BMJ Open. 2019;9(4):e022278. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022278"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e37135","article-title":"The adult difficult intravenous access (DIVA) cognitive aid: an evidence-based cognitive aid prototype for difficult peripheral venous access","author":"Stagg PL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stagg PL. The adult difficult intravenous access (DIVA) cognitive aid: an evidence-based cognitive aid prototype for difficult peripheral venous access. Cureus. 2023;5(4):e37135. doi:10.7759\/cureus.37135"},{"issue":"1","key":"B16","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"1","article-title":"Expert versus generalist inserters for peripheral intravenous catheter insertion: a pilot randomised controlled trial","author":"Marsh N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marsh N, Webster J, Larsen E, et al. Expert versus generalist inserters for peripheral intravenous catheter insertion: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):1\u201310. doi:10.1186\/s13063-017-2423-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"J Surg Res","first-page":"351","article-title":"Successful intravenous catheterization by medical students","author":"Woelfel IA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woelfel IA, Takabe K. Successful intravenous catheterization by medical students. J Surg Res. 2016;204(1):351\u2013360. doi:10.1016\/j.jss.2016.05.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"365","article-title":"Variables influencing intravenous catheterization success by final-year veterinary students in the emergency room","author":"Lemieux E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lemieux E, Babyak J, Weaver Babyak S, Rozanski E, Frank N. Variables influencing intravenous catheterization success by final-year veterinary students in the emergency room. J Vet Med Educ. 2022;50(3):365\u2013369. doi:10.3138\/jvme-2021-0142"},{"issue":"5","key":"B19","series-title":"J Hosp Med","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Use of short peripheral intravenous catheters: characteristics, management, and outcomes worldwide","author":"Alexandrou E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexandrou E, Ray-Barruel G, Carr PJ, et al. Use of short peripheral intravenous catheters: characteristics, management, and outcomes worldwide. J Hosp Med. 2018;13(5):E1\u2013E7. doi:10.12788\/jhm.3039"},{"issue":"2","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"255","article-title":"Effect of catheter gauge on the success of intravenous catheter placement by veterinary students","author":"Hofmeister EH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmeister EH, Quandt J. Effect of catheter gauge on the success of intravenous catheter placement by veterinary students. J Vet Med Educ. 2018;45(2):255\u2013259. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0916-148r2"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/S2\/javma.25.03.0212.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/S2\/javma.25.03.0212.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/S2\/javma.25.03.0212.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:10:04Z","timestamp":1758719404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/S2\/javma.25.03.0212.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.03.0212","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}