{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:09:35Z","timestamp":1768604975676,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the anesthetic events of chelonians at a university hospital, identify shortcomings with record-keeping, and evaluate anesthesia-related mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study evaluated medical records of sedated or anesthetized chelonians between March 2000 and October 2023. Anesthetic parameters were analyzed using cases with complete anesthesia records. Compiled information included patient details, health status, procedure(s), anesthetic agents, anesthesia times, and vitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>220 of the 250 anesthetic events identified had detailed records available for analysis. Comprehensive review of the reports highlighted areas needing improvement with record-keeping and identified the most commonly employed anesthetic agents. Alfaxalone, hydromorphone, dexmedetomidine\/medetomidine, midazolam, and ketamine were the most popular for premedication, while propofol and, more recently, alfaxalone were the most common for induction. For maintenance, most cases relied on inhalants, with a preference toward isoflurane, while alfaxalone was favored for injectables. Of the 250 cases reviewed, 237 recovered, 8 were humanely euthanized, and 5 failed to recover. The latter all had preexisting pathology identified at necropsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 2020, data showed a growing trend toward the use of maintenance alfaxalone constant rate infusions over inhalants. Over time, the quality of record-keeping improved, aside from time record-keeping. Standardizing anesthesia sheets with a designated area for research-related values, paired with implementing an automated vitals recording system, is suggested to improve record-keeping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General anesthesia can be safely and effectively performed in healthy chelonians. Suggestions for improvement include consistently performing preanesthetic bloodwork to screen for preexisting disease, clearly defining anesthesia start and end times, and reducing subjectivity in record-keeping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.04.0289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:53:29Z","timestamp":1759942409000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chelonian sedation and anesthesia\u2014a retrospective assessment of protocols, outcomes, and challenges in 250 cases (2000\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6217-5912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chlo\u00e9 J.","family":"Thorbrogger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Rasys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD"},{"name":"Hollin Hall Animal Hospital, Alexandria, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Braxton T.","family":"Gise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Quandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-6843","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Divers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"31","article-title":"Chelonian taxonomy, anatomy, and physiology","author":"Boyer TH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyer TH, Innis CJ. Chelonian taxonomy, anatomy, and physiology. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:31\u201349."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia","first-page":"359","article-title":"Tortoises, turtles, and terrapins (chelonians)","author":"Vigani A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vigani A, Heard D. Tortoises, turtles, and terrapins (chelonians). In: West G, Heard D, Caulkett N, eds. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2025:359\u2013386. doi:10.1002\/9781119539278.ch10"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets","first-page":"185","article-title":"Reptile anaesthesia","author":"Longley L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M. Reptile anaesthesia. In: Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M, eds. Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets. Elsevier Saunders; 2008:185\u2013210. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2888-5.50013-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"49","article-title":"Chelonian sedation and anesthesia","volume":"25","author":"Scarabelli S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scarabelli S, Di Girolamo N. Chelonian sedation and anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2022;25(1):49-72. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.08.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med","first-page":"52","article-title":"Reptile cardiology: a review of anatomy and physiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical disease","volume":"14","author":"Kik MJL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kik MJL, Mitchell MA. Reptile cardiology: a review of anatomy and physiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical disease. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med. 2005;14(1):52-60. doi:10.1053\/j.saep.2005.12.009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets","first-page":"228","article-title":"Chelonian (tortoise, terrapin and turtle) anaesthesia","author":"Longley L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M. Chelonian (tortoise, terrapin and turtle) anaesthesia. In: Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M, eds. Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets. Elsevier Saunders; 2008:228\u2013237. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2888-5.50016-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"590","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single-dose intramuscular administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): a comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures","volume":"40","author":"Shepard MK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shepard MK, Divers S, Braun C, Hofmeister EH. Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single-dose intramuscular administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): a comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40(6):590-598. doi:10.1111\/vaa.12061"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"590","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"39","author":"Kummrow MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kummrow MS, Tseng F, Hesse L, Court M. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2008;39(4):590-595. doi:10.1638\/2008-0033.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Med Allied Sci","first-page":"12","article-title":"Preliminary survey on influence of renal portal system during propofol anesthesia in yellow-bellied turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta)","volume":"2","author":"Di Giuseppe M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Giuseppe M, Faraci L, Luparello M, Morici M, Nastasi B, Spadola F. Preliminary survey on influence of renal portal system during propofol anesthesia in yellow-bellied turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta). J Vet Med Allied Sci. 2018;2(1):12-15."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"380","article-title":"Sedative effects of intranasal midazolam and dexmedetomidine in 2 species of tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria and Geochelone platynota)","volume":"23","author":"Emery L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emery L, Parsons G, Gerhardt L, Schumacher J, Souza M. Sedative effects of intranasal midazolam and dexmedetomidine in 2 species of tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria and Geochelone platynota). J Exot Pet Med. 2014;23(4):380-383. doi:10.1053\/j.jepm.2014.07.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"17124","article-title":"Elimination of intracardiac shunting provides stable gas anesthesia in tortoises","volume":"8","author":"Greunz EM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greunz EM, Williams C, Ringgaard S, Hansen K, Wang T, Bertelsen MF. Elimination of intracardiac shunting provides stable gas anesthesia in tortoises. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):17124. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-35588-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Effect of atropine and propofol on the minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta (yellow-bellied slider)","volume":"50","author":"Kristensen L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kristensen L, Zardo JQ, Hansen SM,  Effect of atropine and propofol on the minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta (yellow-bellied slider). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2023;50(2):180-187. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.10.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"64","article-title":"Sevoflurane anesthesia in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)","volume":"30","author":"Rooney MB","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rooney MB, Levine G, Gaynor J, Macdonald E, Wimsatt J. Sevoflurane anesthesia in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). J Zoo Wildl Med. 1999;30(1):64-69."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"680","article-title":"Inhalant anesthetic recovery following intramuscular epinephrine in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)","volume":"49","author":"Balko JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balko JA, Gatson BJ, Cohen EB, Griffith EH, Harms CA, Bailey KM. Inhalant anesthetic recovery following intramuscular epinephrine in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2018;49(3):680-688. doi:10.1638\/2017-0182.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"501","article-title":"Epinephrine or GV-26 electrical stimulation reduces inhalant anesthetic recovery time in common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina)","volume":"47","author":"Goe A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goe A, Shmalberg J, Gatson B, Bartolini P, Curtiss J, Wellehan JF. Epinephrine or GV-26 electrical stimulation reduces inhalant anesthetic recovery time in common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2016;47(2):501-507. doi:10.1638\/2015-0264.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"536","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of general anesthesia-related challenges, morbidity, and death in snakes: 139 cases (2000-2002)","volume":"261","author":"Morrison HL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrison HL, Rasys AM, Quandt JE, Divers SJ. Retrospective assessment of general anesthesia-related challenges, morbidity, and death in snakes: 139 cases (2000-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(4):536-543. doi:10.2460\/javma.22.10.0477"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"848","article-title":"Field anesthesia and gonadal morphology of immature western Santa Cruz tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri)","volume":"51","author":"Emmel ES","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emmel ES, Rivera S, Cabrera F, Blake S, Deem SL. Field anesthesia and gonadal morphology of immature western Santa Cruz tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021;51(4):848-855. doi:10.1638\/2019-0240"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref18","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"3626","article-title":"Comparison of subcutaneous versus intramuscular dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine-morphine (DMKM) mixture as chemical restraint for endoscopic sex determination in Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea)","volume":"13","author":"Masi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Masi M, Vetere A, Casalini J, Corsi F, Di Ianni F, Nardini G. Comparison of subcutaneous versus intramuscular dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine-morphine (DMKM) mixture as chemical restraint for endoscopic sex determination in Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea). Animals (Basel). 2023;13(23):3626. doi:10.3390\/ani13233626"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e1795","article-title":"Endoscopic sexing in turtles and tortoises: 467 cases (2007-2017)","volume":"191","author":"Divers SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Divers SJ, Barbosa A, Ellis LE, Innis C, Gibbons P. Endoscopic sexing in turtles and tortoises: 467 cases (2007-2017). Vet Rec. 2022;191(5):e1795. doi:10.1002\/vetr.1795"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"327","article-title":"Alfaxalone as an induction agent for anaesthesia in terrapins and tortoises","volume":"175","author":"Knotek Z","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knotek Z. Alfaxalone as an induction agent for anaesthesia in terrapins and tortoises. Vet Rec. 2014;175(13):327. doi:10.1136\/vr.102486"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2920","article-title":"Sedation and anesthesia of Galapagos (Chelonoidis nigra), Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigantea), and African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata): a retrospective review (2009-2019)","volume":"11","author":"Turner RC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner RC, Gatson BJ, Hernandez JA,  Sedation and anesthesia of Galapagos (Chelonoidis nigra), Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigantea), and African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata): a retrospective review (2009-2019). Animals (Basel). 2021;11(10):2920. doi:10.3390\/ani11102920"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","series-title":"Wildl Soc Bull","first-page":"43","article-title":"Safety and utility of an anesthetic protocol for the collection of biological samples from gopher tortoises","volume":"38","author":"McGuire JL","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGuire JL, Hernandez SM, Smith LL, Yabsley MJ. Safety and utility of an anesthetic protocol for the collection of biological samples from gopher tortoises. Wildl Soc Bull. 2014;38(1):43-50. doi:10.1002\/wsb.364"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1356","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles","volume":"230","author":"Sladky KK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sladky KK, Miletic V, Paul-Murphy J, Kinney ME, Dallwig RK, Johnson SM. Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;230(9):1356-1362. doi:10.2460\/javma.230.9.1356"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"100267","article-title":"A critical review on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid drugs used in reptiles","volume":"17","author":"Ting AKY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ting AKY, Tay VSY, Chng HT, Xie S. A critical review on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid drugs used in reptiles. Vet Anim Sci. 2022;17:100267. doi:10.1016\/j.vas.2022.100267"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Herpetological Med Surg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Behavioral evaluation of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) administered either morphine or butorphanol following unilateral gonadectomy","volume":"21","author":"Kinney ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kinney ME, Johnson SM, Sladky KK. Behavioral evaluation of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) administered either morphine or butorphanol following unilateral gonadectomy. J Herpetological Med Surg. 2011;21(2-3):54-62. doi:10.5818\/1529-9651-21.2.54"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"662","article-title":"Antinociceptive efficacy of buprenorphine and hydromorphone in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"43","author":"Mans C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mans C, Lahner LL, Baker BB, Johnson SM, Sladky KK. Antinociceptive efficacy of buprenorphine and hydromorphone in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2012;43(3):662-665. doi:10.1638\/2011-0260R.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"352","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered hydromorphone in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"46","author":"Hawkins SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawkins SJ, Cox S, Yaw TJ, Sladky K. Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered hydromorphone in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2019;46(3):352-359. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.12.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"460","article-title":"Evaluating the anesthetic and physiologic effects of intramuscular and intravenous alfaxalone in eastern mud turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum)","volume":"14","author":"Zec S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zec S, Mitchell MA, Rockwell K, Lindemann D. Evaluating the anesthetic and physiologic effects of intramuscular and intravenous alfaxalone in eastern mud turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum). Animals (Basel). 2024;14(3):460. doi:10.3390\/ani14030460"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"31","article-title":"Chelonian taxonomy, anatomy, and physiology","author":"Boyer TH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyer TH, Innis CJ. Chelonian taxonomy, anatomy, and physiology. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:31\u201349."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia","first-page":"359","article-title":"Tortoises, turtles, and terrapins (chelonians)","author":"Vigani A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vigani A, Heard D. Tortoises, turtles, and terrapins (chelonians). In: West G, Heard D, Caulkett N, eds. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2025:359\u2013386. doi:10.1002\/9781119539278.ch10"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets","first-page":"185","article-title":"Reptile anaesthesia","author":"Longley L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M. Reptile anaesthesia. In: Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M, eds. Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets. Elsevier Saunders; 2008:185\u2013210. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2888-5.50013-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"49","article-title":"Chelonian sedation and anesthesia","volume":"25","author":"Scarabelli S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scarabelli S, Di Girolamo N. Chelonian sedation and anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2022;25(1):49-72. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.08.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med","first-page":"52","article-title":"Reptile cardiology: a review of anatomy and physiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical disease","volume":"14","author":"Kik MJL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kik MJL, Mitchell MA. Reptile cardiology: a review of anatomy and physiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical disease. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med. 2005;14(1):52-60. doi:10.1053\/j.saep.2005.12.009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets","first-page":"228","article-title":"Chelonian (tortoise, terrapin and turtle) anaesthesia","author":"Longley L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M. Chelonian (tortoise, terrapin and turtle) anaesthesia. In: Longley L, Fiddes M, O\u2019Brien M, eds. Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets. Elsevier Saunders; 2008:228\u2013237. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2888-5.50016-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"590","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single-dose intramuscular administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): a comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures","volume":"40","author":"Shepard MK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shepard MK, Divers S, Braun C, Hofmeister EH. Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single-dose intramuscular administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): a comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40(6):590-598. doi:10.1111\/vaa.12061"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"590","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"39","author":"Kummrow MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kummrow MS, Tseng F, Hesse L, Court M. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2008;39(4):590-595. doi:10.1638\/2008-0033.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Med Allied Sci","first-page":"12","article-title":"Preliminary survey on influence of renal portal system during propofol anesthesia in yellow-bellied turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta)","volume":"2","author":"Di Giuseppe M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Giuseppe M, Faraci L, Luparello M, Morici M, Nastasi B, Spadola F. Preliminary survey on influence of renal portal system during propofol anesthesia in yellow-bellied turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta). J Vet Med Allied Sci. 2018;2(1):12-15."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"380","article-title":"Sedative effects of intranasal midazolam and dexmedetomidine in 2 species of tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria and Geochelone platynota)","volume":"23","author":"Emery L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emery L, Parsons G, Gerhardt L, Schumacher J, Souza M. Sedative effects of intranasal midazolam and dexmedetomidine in 2 species of tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria and Geochelone platynota). J Exot Pet Med. 2014;23(4):380-383. doi:10.1053\/j.jepm.2014.07.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"17124","article-title":"Elimination of intracardiac shunting provides stable gas anesthesia in tortoises","volume":"8","author":"Greunz EM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greunz EM, Williams C, Ringgaard S, Hansen K, Wang T, Bertelsen MF. Elimination of intracardiac shunting provides stable gas anesthesia in tortoises. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):17124. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-35588-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Effect of atropine and propofol on the minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta (yellow-bellied slider)","volume":"50","author":"Kristensen L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kristensen L, Zardo JQ, Hansen SM,  Effect of atropine and propofol on the minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta (yellow-bellied slider). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2023;50(2):180-187. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.10.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"64","article-title":"Sevoflurane anesthesia in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)","volume":"30","author":"Rooney MB","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rooney MB, Levine G, Gaynor J, Macdonald E, Wimsatt J. Sevoflurane anesthesia in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). J Zoo Wildl Med. 1999;30(1):64-69."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"680","article-title":"Inhalant anesthetic recovery following intramuscular epinephrine in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)","volume":"49","author":"Balko JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balko JA, Gatson BJ, Cohen EB, Griffith EH, Harms CA, Bailey KM. Inhalant anesthetic recovery following intramuscular epinephrine in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2018;49(3):680-688. doi:10.1638\/2017-0182.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"501","article-title":"Epinephrine or GV-26 electrical stimulation reduces inhalant anesthetic recovery time in common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina)","volume":"47","author":"Goe A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goe A, Shmalberg J, Gatson B, Bartolini P, Curtiss J, Wellehan JF. Epinephrine or GV-26 electrical stimulation reduces inhalant anesthetic recovery time in common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2016;47(2):501-507. doi:10.1638\/2015-0264.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"536","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of general anesthesia-related challenges, morbidity, and death in snakes: 139 cases (2000-2002)","volume":"261","author":"Morrison HL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrison HL, Rasys AM, Quandt JE, Divers SJ. Retrospective assessment of general anesthesia-related challenges, morbidity, and death in snakes: 139 cases (2000-2002). 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