{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T16:58:42Z","timestamp":1774717122954,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate clinical and analgesic effects of IV lidocaine bolus followed by continuous infusion in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>24 healthy female domestic shorthair cats were premedicated with IM acepromazine (0.05 mg\/kg) and methadone (0.2 mg\/kg). Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Cats were randomly assigned to receive a lidocaine bolus (2 mg\/kg) followed by infusion (3 mg\/kg\/h; GL), a lidocaine bolus followed by saline infusion (GB), or saline bolus and infusion (GC; n = 8\/group). Intraoperative variables were monitored, and lidocaine-related adverse effects were clinically assessed. Pain was evaluated for 24 hours postoperatively with a validated feline pain scale. Analgesic rescue was provided with fentanyl (intraoperatively) or morphine (postoperatively) when indicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      End-tidal isoflurane concentration was significantly lower in GL compared to GC at 10 minutes after bolus administration, at musculature incision, and at 30 minutes after bolus administration (mean reduction of approx 18%). Despite this difference, all animals remained within stage 3 of anesthesia according to the Guedel classification. No differences were detected among groups in fentanyl rescue frequency, although GL had fewer events (17.86% and 32.35% reduction vs GC and GB, respectively). Total morphine rescues were significantly lower in GL (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .038). No signs of lidocaine toxicity were observed in any cat.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the administered dose, lidocaine was tolerated and may have reduced postoperative analgesic requirements in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continuous lidocaine infusion did not result in obvious signs of toxicity in healthy cats and it\u2019s use was likely to contribute to the reduction of postoperative analgesic rescue in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.05.0343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:28:35Z","timestamp":1761154115000},"page":"297-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intravenous lidocaine may contribute to postoperative analgesia without detectable adverse effects in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-6064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe","family":"Comassetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-7939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gilberto Serighelli","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-5600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lu\u00e3 B.","family":"Iepsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9080-9588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Camila F. B.","family":"Cavagnari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-730X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nilson","family":"Oleskovicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"77","article-title":"Experimental incision-induced pain in human skin: effects of systemic lidocaine on flare formation and hyperalgesia","volume":"100","author":"Kawamata M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kawamata M, Takahashi T, Kozuka Y,  Experimental incision-induced pain in human skin: effects of systemic lidocaine on flare formation and hyperalgesia. 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Anesth Analg. 2005;100(1):97-101. doi:10.1213\/01.ANE.0000139350.88158.38"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs","volume":"92","author":"Groban L","year":"2001","unstructured":"Groban L, Deal DD, Vernon JC, James RL, Butterworth J. Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(1):37-43. doi:10.1097\/00000539-200101000-00008"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat","volume":"237","author":"O\u2019Brien TQ","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien TQ, Clark-Price SC, Evans EE, Di Fazio R, McMichael MA. Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(12):1455-1458. doi:10.2460\/javma.237.12.1455"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Feline drug metabolism and disposition: pharmacokinetic evidence for species differences and molecular mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Court MH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Court MH. Feline drug metabolism and disposition: pharmacokinetic evidence for species differences and molecular mechanisms. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2013;43(5):1039-1054. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.05.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","series-title":"Biochemistry","first-page":"311","article-title":"Molecular basis for the differences in lidocaine binding and regioselectivity of oxidation by cytochromes P450 2B1 and 2B2","volume":"37","author":"Hanna IH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hanna IH, Roberts ES, Hollenberg PF. 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Anesthesiology. 2000;92(6):1685-1691. doi:10.1097\/00000542-200006000-00028"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"522","article-title":"Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine and fentanyl during surgery in dogs","volume":"229","author":"Steagall PVM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steagall PVM, Teixeira Neto FJ, Minto BW, Campagnol D, Corr\u00eaa MA. Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine and fentanyl during surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(4):522-527. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.4.522"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses","volume":"37","author":"Robertson SA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robertson SA, Sanchez LC, Merritt AM, Doherty TJ. Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses. Equine Vet J. 2005;37(2):122-127. doi:10.2746\/0425164054223723"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","series-title":"Clin J Pain","first-page":"567","article-title":"Perioperative intravenous lidocaine decreases the incidence of persistent pain after breast surgery","volume":"28","author":"Grigoras A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grigoras A, Lee P, Sattar F, Shorten G. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine decreases the incidence of persistent pain after breast surgery. Clin J Pain. 2012;28(7):567-572. doi:10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31823b9cc8"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery","volume":"98","author":"Koppert W","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koppert W, Weigand M, Neumann F,  Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery. 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Anesthesiology. 1985;63(4):385-390. doi:10.1097\/00000542-198510000-00007"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"661","article-title":"Assessment of the hemodynamic effects of lidocaine administered IV in isoflurane-anesthetized cats","volume":"66","author":"Pypendop BH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pypendop BH, Ilkiw JE. Assessment of the hemodynamic effects of lidocaine administered IV in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. 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