{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:07:53Z","timestamp":1793113673752,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Describe the epidemiologic landscape of rabies and rabies testing in the US during 2023 and provide an overview of rabies in Canada and Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The US National Rabies Surveillance System collects monthly animal rabies testing data from 54 reporting jurisdictions. Data reported in 2023 were analyzed geographically and temporally to explore trends in animal rabies cases by rabies virus variant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In 2023, 3,760 cases of animal rabies were reported to the National Rabies Surveillance System (4.2% of 89,530 samples submitted), representing a 5.1% increase from 2022. Of positive samples, 309 (8.2%) were domestic animals, and 3,451 (91.8%) were wildlife. Cats (222 [1.2%]) and bats (1,298 [5.1%]) followed by raccoons (1,085 [10.4%]) were the most frequently found rabid domestic and wild animals. No human rabies cases were reported in the US, Canada, or Mexico in 2023.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While a year with zero human rabies cases reported in North America represents a major success of public and animal health programs, the danger of exposure to and dying from rabies is still present. Translocation events pose a unique risk, highlighted by events during 2023. Due to the response of public and animal health agencies, the health of the public and local animals was protected. Continued effort to maintain One Health reporting mechanisms is key to the security of public and animal health.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The National Rabies Surveillance System plays a crucial role in protecting public and animal health by monitoring rabies trends in the US.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.05.0344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T17:43:04Z","timestamp":1752860584000},"page":"1310-1317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2023"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Boutelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bonaparte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Orciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordona D.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fehlner-Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cin","family":"Thang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Julien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio Monta\u00f1o","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Servicios de Diagn\u00f3stico en Salud Animal (CENASA), Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Tec\u00e1mac, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baltazar Cortes","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Campa\u00f1as Zoosanitarias, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), CDMX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"951","article-title":"Antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in Mexico","volume":"40","author":"Velasco-Villa A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Velasco-Villa A, G\u00f3mez-Sierra M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez G,  Antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(3):951-958. doi:10.1128\/JCM.40.3.951-958.2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Virus Res","first-page":"13","article-title":"Molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in Mexico","volume":"111","author":"Velasco-Villa A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Velasco-Villa A, Orciari LA, Souza V,  Molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in Mexico. Virus Res. 2005;111(1):13-27. doi:10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.03.007"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"1586","article-title":"New rabies virus variant found during an epizootic in white-nosed coatis from the Yucatan Peninsula","volume":"138","author":"Ar\u00e9chiga-Ceballos N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ar\u00e9chiga-Ceballos N, Velasco-Villa A, Shi M,  New rabies virus variant found during an epizootic in white-nosed coatis from the Yucatan Peninsula. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(11):1586-1589. doi:10.1017\/S0950268810000762"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Revision of public health reporting and timeframes for national notification for animal rabies","author":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists","year":"2022","unstructured":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Revision of public health reporting and timeframes for national notification for animal rabies. 22-ID-06. 2022. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.cste.org\/resource\/resmgr\/ps\/ps2022\/22-ID-06_Animal_Rabies.pdf"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill","first-page":"e43061","article-title":"Defining county-level terrestrial rabies freedom using the US national rabies surveillance system: surveillance data analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kunkel A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kunkel A, Veytsel G, Bonaparte S,  Defining county-level terrestrial rabies freedom using the US national rabies surveillance system: surveillance data analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023;9:e43061. doi:10.2196\/43061"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"767","article-title":"Rabies in Canada, with special reference to wildlife reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"Plummer PJG","year":"1954","unstructured":"Plummer PJG. Rabies in Canada, with special reference to wildlife reservoirs. Bull World Health Organ. 1954;10(5):767-774."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"149","article-title":"Identification of raccoon rabies virus variant in a stray kitten: the role of veterinary practitioners in detection and reporting of a non-native zoonotic pathogen-Nebraska, 2023","author":"Carpenter A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carpenter A, Price ER, Stein SR,  Identification of raccoon rabies virus variant in a stray kitten: the role of veterinary practitioners in detection and reporting of a non-native zoonotic pathogen-Nebraska, 2023. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;.tif(2):149-152. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.08.0542"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref8","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"933","article-title":"Notes from the field: enhanced surveillance for raccoon rabies virus variant and vaccination of wildlife for management\u2014Omaha, Nebraska, October 2023-July 2024","volume":"73","author":"Stein SR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stein SR, Beron AJ, Nelson KM,  Notes from the field: enhanced surveillance for raccoon rabies virus variant and vaccination of wildlife for management\u2014Omaha, Nebraska, October 2023-July 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73(41):933-935. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7341a4"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"State warns Michigan residents about possible rabies exposure from skunks purchased from Rose\u2019s Skunks or Chesterfield Township\/New Baltimore location","author":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2023","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. State warns Michigan residents about possible rabies exposure from skunks purchased from Rose\u2019s Skunks or Chesterfield Township\/New Baltimore location. December 6, 2023. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/mdhhs\/inside-mdhhs\/newsroom\/2023\/12\/06\/skunk-rabies-case"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Pan American Health Organization","author":"Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n Regional para la Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica de la Rabia (SIRVERA)","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n Regional para la Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica de la Rabia (SIRVERA). Pan American Health Organization. 2025. Accessed April 18, 2025. https:\/\/sirvera.panaftosa.org.br\/"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"CDPH reminds public of rabies precautions following death of Fresno County resident","author":"California Department of Public Health","year":"2024","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. CDPH reminds public of rabies precautions following death of Fresno County resident. November 27, 2024. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/OPA\/Pages\/NR24-040.aspx"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Status update for rabies, September 2024","author":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency","year":"2024","unstructured":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Status update for rabies, September 2024. September 30, 2024. February 5, 2025. https:\/\/cahss.ca\/cahss-tools\/disease-alerts\/status-update-for-rabies-september-2024"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"State reports rare human death from rabies","author":"Minnesota Department of Health","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health. State reports rare human death from rabies. September 27, 2024. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/news\/pressrel\/2024\/rabies092724.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"601","article-title":"Rabies in translocated raccoons","volume":"69","author":"Nettles VF","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nettles VF, Shaddock JH, Sikes RK, Reyes CR. Rabies in translocated raccoons. Am J Public Health. 1979;69(6):601-602. doi:10.2105\/AJPH.69.6.601"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"505","article-title":"Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2016","volume":"248","author":"National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control Committee; Brown CM","year":"2016","unstructured":"National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control Committee; Brown CM, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, Sidwa TJ, Sorhage FE. Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2016. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(5):505-517. doi:10.2460\/javma.248.5.505"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"Hum Wildl Interact","first-page":"130","article-title":"Forecasting the spread of raccoon rabies using a purpose-specific group decision-making process","volume":"8","author":"Anderson A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson A, Shwiff SA, Chipman RB,  Forecasting the spread of raccoon rabies using a purpose-specific group decision-making process. Hum Wildl Interact. 2014;8(1):130-138."},{"issue":"25","key":"ref17","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"13666","article-title":"Predicting the local dynamics of epizootic rabies among raccoons in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Childs JE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Childs JE, Curns AT, Dey ME,  Predicting the local dynamics of epizootic rabies among raccoons in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(25):13666-13671. doi:10.1073\/pnas.240326697"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"77","article-title":"Evaluation of species identification and rabies virus characterization among bat rabies cases in the United States","volume":"256","author":"Pieracci EG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pieracci EG, Brown JA, Bergman DL,  Evaluation of species identification and rabies virus characterization among bat rabies cases in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;256(1):77-84. doi:10.2460\/javma.256.1.77"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"66","article-title":"Evaluation of rabies virus characterization to enhance early detection of important rabies epizootic events in the United States","volume":"256","author":"Pieracci EG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pieracci EG, Chipman RB, Morgan CN,  Evaluation of rabies virus characterization to enhance early detection of important rabies epizootic events in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;256(1):66-76. doi:10.2460\/javma.256.1.66"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Multisectoral Coordination Mechanisms Operational Tool: an operational tool of the Tripartite Zoonoses Guide","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2022","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Multisectoral Coordination Mechanisms Operational Tool: an operational tool of the Tripartite Zoonoses Guide. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2022. https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/5087e48a-b7cc-40f8-9447-c60e06400ce4\/content"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/10\/javma.25.05.0344.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/10\/javma.25.05.0344.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/10\/javma.25.05.0344.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T03:11:41Z","timestamp":1758337901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/10\/javma.25.05.0344.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.05.0344","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}