{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:51:31Z","timestamp":1768611091547,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe the clinical presentation, surgical management, and clinical outcomes of scrotal hernias (SHs) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals<\/jats:title>\n 21 dogs with SHs were identified by a search of medical records at 6 institutions from August 2004 to August 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n 15 intact and 6 previously castrated male dogs with SHs were identified. Median age was 27 months (IQR, 4 to 114 months), and median weight was 7.4 kg (IQR, 4.1 to 12.7 kg). Scrotal swelling was observed on examination of 20 dogs. Clinical signs possibly related to the SH were reported in 10 dogs, most commonly vomiting or anorexia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Abdominal radiographs, ultrasound, and\/or surgical findings revealed herniation of omentum in 8 dogs, small intestine in 7 dogs, and a paraprostatic cyst in 1 dog; imaging findings were confirmed in surgery. The SH was unilateral in all cases. Eighteen dogs were managed with surgical intervention (herniorrhaphy), most commonly through a caudal abdominal approach. Three dogs required enterectomy; all presented with vomiting. Two dogs were conservatively managed, and 1 dog was euthanized without treatment due to traumatic injuries. Incisional complications were noted in 4 dogs and resolved with outpatient therapy. Median follow-up time in dogs that underwent surgery was 188 days (IQR, 15 to 1,668 days), with no hernia recurrence reported.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n SHs are typically diagnosed in young male dogs, are typically unilateral, and may be diagnosed after castration in some cases. Imaging findings and clinical signs, namely anorexia and vomiting, may help determine the need for emergency surgery. Outcome following surgical repair is excellent.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T14:37:36Z","timestamp":1758897456000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scrotal hernias in dogs should not be ruled out based on castration status and may require enterectomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Austin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauryn","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-8013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janet A.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kawecki-Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Insung","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7884-4199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Marchevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayley M.","family":"Gallaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0096-9942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanna M.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult","first-page":"1564","article-title":"Abdominal wall reconstruction and hernias","author":"Smeak D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smeak D. Abdominal wall reconstruction and hernias. In: Johnston S, Tobias K, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:1564\u20131577."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small Animal Surgery","first-page":"512","article-title":"Surgery of the abdominal cavity","author":"Fossum T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fossum T. Surgery of the abdominal cavity. In: Fossum T, ed. Small Animal Surgery. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2018:512\u2013527."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"44","article-title":"A retrospective study of inguinal hernia in 35 dogs","volume":"22","author":"Waters DJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Waters DJ, Roy RG, Stone EA. A retrospective study of inguinal hernia in 35 dogs. Vet Surg. 1993;22(1):44-49. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1993.tb00367.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1834","article-title":"Use of ultrasonographic and nuclear imaging to diagnose scrotal hernia in a dog","volume":"196","author":"Mitchener KL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mitchener KL, Toal RL, Held JP, Dorn AS. Use of ultrasonographic and nuclear imaging to diagnose scrotal hernia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196(11):1834-1835. doi:10.2460\/javma.1990.196.11.1834"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"Aust Vet Pract","first-page":"58","article-title":"Inguinal and scrotal herniation in 61 dogs","volume":"26","author":"Bellenger C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bellenger C. Inguinal and scrotal herniation in 61 dogs. Aust Vet Pract. 1996;26(2):58-59."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute scrotal enlargement in a 5-month-old puppy","volume":"261","author":"Sousa GC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sousa GC, Denadai R, Fuchs KM, Pelaquim IF, Oba E, Souza FF. Acute scrotal enlargement in a 5-month-old puppy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(10):1-3. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.05.0286"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Theriogenology","first-page":"362","article-title":"A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia","volume":"14","author":"Draheim P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Draheim P, Hlusko K, Cole R, A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia. Clin Theriogenology. 2022;14(4):362-365. doi:10.58292\/ct.v14i4.9172"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"520","article-title":"Inguinal hernia in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Strande A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Strande A. Inguinal hernia in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 1989;30(9):520-521. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01626.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","first-page":"286","article-title":"Quantitative weighting of postoperative complications based on the accordion severity grading system: demonstration of potential impact using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program","volume":"210","author":"Porembka MR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porembka MR, Hall BL, Hirbe M, Strasberg SM. Quantitative weighting of postoperative complications based on the accordion severity grading system: demonstration of potential impact using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(3):286-298. doi:10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.12.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"301","article-title":"Retrospective study on clinical features and treatment outcomes of nontraumatic inguinal hernias in 41 dogs","volume":"56","author":"Itoh T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Itoh T, Kojimoto A, Kojima K, Shii H. Retrospective study on clinical features and treatment outcomes of nontraumatic inguinal hernias in 41 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020;56(6):301-306. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7106"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"482","article-title":"Canine testicular tumors: epidemiologic features of 410 dogs","volume":"18","author":"Hayes HM Jr","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hayes HM Jr, Pendergrass TW. Canine testicular tumors: epidemiologic features of 410 dogs. Int J Cancer. 1976;18(4):482-487. doi:10.1002\/ijc.2910180413"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"603257","article-title":"An ancient practice but a new paradigm: personal choice for the age to spay or neuter a dog","volume":"8","author":"Hart LA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hart LA, Hart BL. An ancient practice but a new paradigm: personal choice for the age to spay or neuter a dog. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:603257. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.603257"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Decision-making on recommended age of spay\/neuter for a specific dog: general principles and cultural complexities","volume":"53","author":"Hart LA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hart LA, Hart BL, Thigpen AP. Decision-making on recommended age of spay\/neuter for a specific dog: general principles and cultural complexities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2023;53(5):1209-1221. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.005"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult","first-page":"1564","article-title":"Abdominal wall reconstruction and hernias","author":"Smeak D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smeak D. Abdominal wall reconstruction and hernias. In: Johnston S, Tobias K, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:1564\u20131577."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small Animal Surgery","first-page":"512","article-title":"Surgery of the abdominal cavity","author":"Fossum T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fossum T. Surgery of the abdominal cavity. In: Fossum T, ed. Small Animal Surgery. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2018:512\u2013527."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"44","article-title":"A retrospective study of inguinal hernia in 35 dogs","volume":"22","author":"Waters DJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Waters DJ, Roy RG, Stone EA. A retrospective study of inguinal hernia in 35 dogs. Vet Surg. 1993;22(1):44-49. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1993.tb00367.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1834","article-title":"Use of ultrasonographic and nuclear imaging to diagnose scrotal hernia in a dog","volume":"196","author":"Mitchener KL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mitchener KL, Toal RL, Held JP, Dorn AS. Use of ultrasonographic and nuclear imaging to diagnose scrotal hernia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196(11):1834-1835. doi:10.2460\/javma.1990.196.11.1834"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"Aust Vet Pract","first-page":"58","article-title":"Inguinal and scrotal herniation in 61 dogs","volume":"26","author":"Bellenger C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bellenger C. Inguinal and scrotal herniation in 61 dogs. Aust Vet Pract. 1996;26(2):58-59."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute scrotal enlargement in a 5-month-old puppy","volume":"261","author":"Sousa GC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sousa GC, Denadai R, Fuchs KM, Pelaquim IF, Oba E, Souza FF. Acute scrotal enlargement in a 5-month-old puppy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(10):1-3. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.05.0286"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Theriogenology","first-page":"362","article-title":"A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia","volume":"14","author":"Draheim P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Draheim P, Hlusko K, Cole R, A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia. Clin Theriogenology. 2022;14(4):362-365. doi:10.58292\/ct.v14i4.9172"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"520","article-title":"Inguinal hernia in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Strande A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Strande A. Inguinal hernia in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 1989;30(9):520-521. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01626.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","first-page":"286","article-title":"Quantitative weighting of postoperative complications based on the accordion severity grading system: demonstration of potential impact using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program","volume":"210","author":"Porembka MR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porembka MR, Hall BL, Hirbe M, Strasberg SM. Quantitative weighting of postoperative complications based on the accordion severity grading system: demonstration of potential impact using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(3):286-298. doi:10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.12.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"301","article-title":"Retrospective study on clinical features and treatment outcomes of nontraumatic inguinal hernias in 41 dogs","volume":"56","author":"Itoh T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Itoh T, Kojimoto A, Kojima K, Shii H. Retrospective study on clinical features and treatment outcomes of nontraumatic inguinal hernias in 41 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020;56(6):301-306. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7106"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"482","article-title":"Canine testicular tumors: epidemiologic features of 410 dogs","volume":"18","author":"Hayes HM Jr","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hayes HM Jr, Pendergrass TW. Canine testicular tumors: epidemiologic features of 410 dogs. Int J Cancer. 1976;18(4):482-487. doi:10.1002\/ijc.2910180413"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"603257","article-title":"An ancient practice but a new paradigm: personal choice for the age to spay or neuter a dog","volume":"8","author":"Hart LA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hart LA, Hart BL. An ancient practice but a new paradigm: personal choice for the age to spay or neuter a dog. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:603257. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.603257"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Decision-making on recommended age of spay\/neuter for a specific dog: general principles and cultural complexities","volume":"53","author":"Hart LA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hart LA, Hart BL, Thigpen AP. Decision-making on recommended age of spay\/neuter for a specific dog: general principles and cultural complexities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2023;53(5):1209-1221. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.005"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/2\/javma.25.06.0363.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/2\/javma.25.06.0363.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/2\/javma.25.06.0363.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:19:27Z","timestamp":1768569567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/2\/javma.25.06.0363.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.06.0363","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}