{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:15:20Z","timestamp":1790054120905,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report low-field standing MRI findings and, when available, postmortem findings of 25 thoracic limbs with degenerative joint disease of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) characterized by narrowing of the joint space suggestive of cartilage loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records from September 2015 to July 2022 were reviewed for clinical history, signalment, MRI, and postmortem findings. The study retrospectively analyzed cases in which lameness was linked to DIPJ joint space narrowing using a partially nested comparative design. Width was measured at 4 DIPJ sites, as well as a ratio to the proximal interphalangeal joint. Affected limbs were compared to contralateral and randomly selected control limbs. Statistically significant differences in measurements were found between affected and control groups. In the affected group, subjective DIPJ narrowing, synovial effusion, heterogeneous dorsal recess material, periarticular osteophytosis, and STIR hyperintense signal within the foot were graded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standing low-field MRI identified DIPJ degenerative joint disease with joint space narrowing and cartilage loss. A dorsomedial DIPJ width measurement of &lt; 3 mm suggests cartilage damage. Narrowing of the DIPJ may occur without marked effusion, periarticular osteophytosis, or adjacent bone STIR hyperintensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measurements of the joint space on standing low-field MRI can be supportive for the identification of cartilage loss in the DIPJ, which may occur without other concomitant findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low-field standing MRI is valuable for assessing DIPJ narrowing. Prognosis appears to be poor for cartilage loss, as 22 of 25 horses did not return to performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:20:41Z","timestamp":1762521641000},"page":"581-589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of degenerative joint disease of the distal interphalangeal joint in thoracic limbs characterized by joint space narrowing using standing low-field MRI in 25 equine patients"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth C. S.","family":"van Veggel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre, Heesch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Cokelaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre, Heesch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Vanderperren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt T.","family":"Selberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f8jg\u00e5rd Equine Hospital, Morud, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik-Jan","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre, Heesch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C. M.","family":"Vernooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Health Division, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Hoogelander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre, Heesch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"130","article-title":"Veterinary-care events and costs over a 5-year follow-up period for warmblooded riding horses with or without previously recorded locomotor problems in Sweden","volume":"83","author":"Egenvall A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Egenvall A, Bonnett B, Wattle O, Emanuelson U. Veterinary-care events and costs over a 5-year follow-up period for warmblooded riding horses with or without previously recorded locomotor problems in Sweden. Prev Vet Med. 2008;83(2):130-143. doi:10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.06.008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd American Association of Equine Practitioners Annual Convention","first-page":"422","article-title":"Standing MRI lesions identified in jumping and dressage horses with lameness isolated to the foot","author":"Mitchell RD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mitchell RD, Edwards RB III, Makkreel LD, Oliviera TD. Standing MRI lesions identified in jumping and dressage horses with lameness isolated to the foot. In: Proceedings of the 52nd American Association of Equine Practitioners Annual Convention. 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American Association of Equine Practitioners; 2006:422\u2013426."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"150","article-title":"Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint","volume":"39","author":"Kristiansen KK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kristiansen KK, Kold SE. Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint. Equine Vet J. 2007;39(2):150-156. doi:10.2746\/042516407X170094"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"336","article-title":"Standing MRI lesions of the distal interphalangeal joint and podotrochlear apparatus occur with a high frequency in warmblood horses","volume":"61","author":"Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, Werpy NM, Gold SJ, Olguin S, Schaeffer DJ. Standing MRI lesions of the distal interphalangeal joint and podotrochlear apparatus occur with a high frequency in warmblood horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2020;61(3):336-345. doi:10.1111\/vru.12855"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"66","article-title":"Epidemiological study of wastage among racehorses 1982 and 1983","volume":"116","author":"Rossdale PD","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rossdale PD, Hopes R, Digby NJ, Offord K. Epidemiological study of wastage among racehorses 1982 and 1983. Vet Rec. 1985;116(3):66-69. doi:10.1136\/vr.116.3.66"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"980","article-title":"Pathophysiology of synovitis: clinical signs and examination in horses","volume":"12","author":"Todhunter R","year":"1990","unstructured":"Todhunter R, Lust G. Pathophysiology of synovitis: clinical signs and examination in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1990;12:980-992."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"125","article-title":"An epizoological study of wastage in Thoroughbred racehorses in Gauteng, South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Olivier A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Olivier A, Nurton JP, Guthrie AJ. An epizoological study of wastage in Thoroughbred racehorses in Gauteng, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1997;68(4):125-129. doi:10.4102\/jsava.v68i4.893"},{"issue":"S36","key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"411","article-title":"Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Murray RC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Tranquille C, Adams V. Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis. Equine Vet J. 2006;38(S36):411-416. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05578.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"234","article-title":"Regenerative medicine for equine musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"11","author":"Ribitsch I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ribitsch I, Oreff GL, Jenner F. Regenerative medicine for equine musculoskeletal diseases. 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