{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:16:02Z","timestamp":1773422162974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To compare CT-derived anatomical geometry of the soft palate and clinical outcome following folded-flap palatoplasty (FFP) or traditional staphylectomy (TS).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Client-owned French Bulldogs were prospectively enrolled between July 2021 and September 2024. An exercise tolerance test (ETT) and head CT were performed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Dogs were randomized to receive FFP or TS in conjunction with modified multilevel surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Computed tomography measurements were performed and compared between groups. The length of the soft palate was measured from the end of the hard palate to the caudal tip of the soft palate. Soft palate thickness was measured by dividing the length into equal thirds, and measurements were taken of the rostral, middle, and caudal thirds.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Eighteen dogs completed the study (FFP, n = 7; TS, 11). With the use of either surgical technique, soft palates were significantly shorter and significantly thinner postoperatively at the rostral and middle thirds but not at the caudal third when compared to preoperative measurements. Surgical technique was not shown to have a significant effect on the change in palatal length or thickness. There was no significant difference in improvement in ETT scores between the FFP and TS groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n FFP did not result in a significantly thinner or shorter palate or greater improvement in ETT score when compared to TS. Both techniques resulted in significantly shorter and thinner palates postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Equivalent clinical outcome can be expected following FFP or TS combined with modified multilevel surgical techniques for the treatment of BOAS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:29:30Z","timestamp":1762352970000},"page":"436-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Folded-flap palatoplasty and traditional staphylectomy yield similar postoperative soft palate geometry in French Bulldogs undergoing airway surgery"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Makayla","family":"Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-9339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ameet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hawker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5515-8628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan","family":"Appleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-4093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexa","family":"Bersenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarini","family":"Ullal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley L.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amandeep","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Brinkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991\u20132004)","volume":"230","author":"Riecks TW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riecks TW, Birchard SJ, Stephens JA. Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991\u20132004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;230(9):1324-1328. doi:10.2460\/javma.230.9.1324"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"714","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway syndrome: a comparative study between Pugs and French Bulldogs","volume":"56","author":"Haimel G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haimel G, Dupr\u00e9 G. Brachycephalic airway syndrome: a comparative study between Pugs and French Bulldogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(12):714-719. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12408"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"271","article-title":"Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical treatments for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in 3 breeds","volume":"46","author":"Liu NC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu NC, Oechtering GU, Adams VJ, Kalmar L, Sargan DR, Ladlow JF. 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J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(5):612-618. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.10.0686"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"488","article-title":"Validation of exercise testing and laryngeal auscultation for grading brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in Pugs, French Bulldogs, and English Bulldogs by using whole-body barometric plethysmography","volume":"48","author":"Riggs J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riggs J, Liu NC, Sutton DR, Sargan D, Ladlow JF. Validation of exercise testing and laryngeal auscultation for grading brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in Pugs, French Bulldogs, and English Bulldogs by using whole-body barometric plethysmography. Vet Surg. 2019;48(4):488-496. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13159"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0130741","article-title":"Characterisation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in French Bulldogs using whole-body barometric plethysmography","volume":"10","author":"Liu NC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu NC, Sargan DR, Adams VJ, Ladlow JF. Characterisation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in French Bulldogs using whole-body barometric plethysmography. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130741. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0130741"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"149","article-title":"Inside the brachycephalic nose: intranasal mucosal contact points","volume":"50","author":"Schuenemann R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schuenemann R, Oechtering GU. Inside the brachycephalic nose: intranasal mucosal contact points. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2014;50(3):149-158. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5991"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"165","article-title":"A novel approach to brachycephalic syndrome. 1. Evaluation of anatomical intranasal airway obstruction","volume":"45","author":"Oechtering GU","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oechtering GU, Pohl S, Schlueter C, A novel approach to brachycephalic syndrome. 1. Evaluation of anatomical intranasal airway obstruction. Vet Surg. 2016;45(2):165-172. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12446"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"512","article-title":"The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"49","author":"Jones BA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones BA, Stanley BJ, Nelson NC. The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs. Vet Surg. 2020;49(3):512-520. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13302"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"375","article-title":"Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"182","author":"Ladlow J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ladlow J, Liu NC, Kalmar L, Sargan D. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Vet Rec. 2018;182(13):375-378. doi:10.1136\/vr.k1403"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991-2008)","volume":"237","author":"Fasanella FJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fasanella FJ, Shivley JM, Wardlaw JL, Givaruangsawat S. Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(9):1048-1051. doi:10.2460\/javma.237.9.1048"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats","volume":"49","author":"Follette CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Follette CM, Giuffrida MA, Balsa IM, A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):61-69. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13279"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Version 2023.3.1.446","author":"RStudio","year":"2023","unstructured":"RStudio. Version 2023.3.1.446. Posit Software PBC; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"213","article-title":"Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: much more than a surgical problem","volume":"42","author":"Mitze S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitze S, Barrs VR, Beatty JA, Hobi S, B\u0119czkowski PM. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: much more than a surgical problem. Vet Q. 2022;42(1):213-223. doi:10.1080\/01652176.2022.2145621"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"571","article-title":"Wound healing complications following folded flap palatoplasty in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"100","author":"Khoo TX","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khoo TX, Yates G, Chambers B, Ng J. Wound healing complications following folded flap palatoplasty in brachycephalic dogs. Aust Vet J. 2022;100(12):571-578. doi:10.1111\/avj.13204"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"357","article-title":"Computed tomography of the pharynx in a closed vs. open mouth position","volume":"52","author":"Laurenson MP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laurenson MP, Zwingenberger AL, Cissell DD, Computed tomography of the pharynx in a closed vs. open mouth position. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52(4):357-361. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01805.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"289","article-title":"Endotracheal tube placement during computed tomography of brachycephalic dogs alters upper airway dimensional measurements","volume":"59","author":"Liu NC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu NC, Troconis EL, McMillan M, Endotracheal tube placement during computed tomography of brachycephalic dogs alters upper airway dimensional measurements. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2018;59(3):289-304. doi:10.1111\/vru.12590"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991\u20132004)","volume":"230","author":"Riecks TW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riecks TW, Birchard SJ, Stephens JA. Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991\u20132004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;230(9):1324-1328. doi:10.2460\/javma.230.9.1324"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"714","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway syndrome: a comparative study between Pugs and French Bulldogs","volume":"56","author":"Haimel G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haimel G, Dupr\u00e9 G. Brachycephalic airway syndrome: a comparative study between Pugs and French Bulldogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(12):714-719. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12408"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"271","article-title":"Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical treatments for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in 3 breeds","volume":"46","author":"Liu NC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu NC, Oechtering GU, Adams VJ, Kalmar L, Sargan DR, Ladlow JF. Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical treatments for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in 3 breeds. Vet Surg. 2017;46(2):271-280. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12608"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"403","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of short-term outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"187","author":"Seneviratne M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seneviratne M, Kaye BM, Ter Haar G. Prognostic indicators of short-term outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Vet Rec. 2020;187(10):403. doi:10.1136\/vr.105624"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult","author":"Johnston SA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnston SA, Tobias KM. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult. 2nd ed. Elsevier\/Saunders; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"83","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal dimensions from computed tomography of Pugs and French Bulldogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Heidenreich D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heidenreich D, Gradner G, Kneissl S, Dupr\u00e9 G. Nasopharyngeal dimensions from computed tomography of Pugs and French Bulldogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome. 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Quantification of nasal airflow resistance in English Bulldogs using computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(5):542-551. doi:10.1111\/vru.12531"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"853","article-title":"Whole-body barometric plethysmography characterizes upper airway obstruction in 3 brachycephalic breeds of dogs","volume":"30","author":"Liu NC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu NC, Adams VJ, Kalmar L, Ladlow JF, Sargan DR. Whole-body barometric plethysmography characterizes upper airway obstruction in 3 brachycephalic breeds of dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(3):853-865. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13933"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","series-title":"Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr","first-page":"56","article-title":"Folded flap palatoplasty for treatment of elongated soft palates in 55 dogs","volume":"95","author":"Findji L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Findji L, Dupr\u00e9 G. Folded flap palatoplasty for treatment of elongated soft palates in 55 dogs. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr. 2008;95(3):56-63."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"691","article-title":"Brachycephalic syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Dupr\u00e9 G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dupr\u00e9 G, Heidenreich D. Brachycephalic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016;46(4):691-707. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.02.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"29","article-title":"Complications and outcome following staphylectomy and folded flap palatoplasty in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Miller AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller AK, Regier PJ, Colee JC. Complications and outcome following staphylectomy and folded flap palatoplasty in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Vet Surg. 2024;53(1):29-37. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13994"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"612","article-title":"Folded-flap palatoplasty is not superior to cut-and-sew staphylectomy for the treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in English Bulldogs","volume":"263","author":"Grimes JA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grimes JA, Reno LR, Wallace ML, Folded-flap palatoplasty is not superior to cut-and-sew staphylectomy for the treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in English Bulldogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(5):612-618. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.10.0686"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"488","article-title":"Validation of exercise testing and laryngeal auscultation for grading brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in Pugs, French Bulldogs, and English Bulldogs by using whole-body barometric plethysmography","volume":"48","author":"Riggs J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riggs J, Liu NC, Sutton DR, Sargan D, Ladlow JF. Validation of exercise testing and laryngeal auscultation for grading brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in Pugs, French Bulldogs, and English Bulldogs by using whole-body barometric plethysmography. 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J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2014;50(3):149-158. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5991"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"165","article-title":"A novel approach to brachycephalic syndrome. 1. Evaluation of anatomical intranasal airway obstruction","volume":"45","author":"Oechtering GU","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oechtering GU, Pohl S, Schlueter C, A novel approach to brachycephalic syndrome. 1. Evaluation of anatomical intranasal airway obstruction. Vet Surg. 2016;45(2):165-172. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12446"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"512","article-title":"The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"49","author":"Jones BA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones BA, Stanley BJ, Nelson NC. The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs. 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