{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:16:04Z","timestamp":1773422164584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the outcome of total lung lobectomy with self-ligating loop in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective case series of cats that underwent total lung lobectomy with self-ligating loop between January 2020 and February 2025. Data regarding signalment, history, physical examination, diagnostics, surgical approach, lung lobe affected, hospitalization length, intraoperative\/postoperative complications, and short- and long-term outcomes were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>13 cats were included: 9 domestic shorthair, 2 domestic longhair, 1 Maine Coon, and 1 Burmese. Clinical signs included respiratory distress (4 of 13), lethargy (4 of 13), cough (3 of 13), hyporexia (3 of 13), dyspnea (2 of 13), vomiting (2 of 13), and pyrexia (1 of 13). Six cats suffered from more than 1 clinical sign.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 14 lung lobectomies were performed via either right (n = 2) or left (5) intercostal thoracotomy, median sternotomy (4), or video-assisted thoracic surgery (2). No major intraoperative complications occurred. Temporary hypoxemia was recorded during a video-assisted thoracic surgery procedure in 1 case and resolved with thoracic lift. Eleven cats survived hospital discharge. Minor postoperative complications (wound inflammation, vomiting, hyperthermia) occurred in 3 cats, while major postoperative complications (pleural effusion, intrathoracic infection) occurred in 3 cats. No revision surgery was necessary in any case. Three cats underwent humane euthanasia due to a sudden deterioration secondary to the underlying disease in the immediate postoperative period (catastrophic complication). On long-term follow-up, 7 cats were alive and no long-term complications related to the lobectomy were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung lobectomy with self-ligating loop provides a safe technique for total lung lobectomy and can be considered as an alternative when thoracic stapler is not available in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:53:54Z","timestamp":1762966434000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-ligating loop technique enables successful total lung lobectomy in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Hertel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Vallefuoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pride Veterinary Referrals, Derby, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Aertsens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire AniCura Aquivet, M\u00e9rignac, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Cinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AniCura Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Zola Predosa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"467","article-title":"Canine and feline exudative pleural diseases","volume":"50","author":"Epstein SE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Epstein SE, Balsa IM. Canine and feline exudative pleural diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2020;50(2):467-487. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.10.008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1983","article-title":"Lungs","author":"Monnet E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monnet E. Lungs. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:1983\u20132000."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"570","article-title":"Evaluation of a pre-tied ligature loop for canine total lung lobectomy","volume":"48","author":"Cronin AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cronin AM, Pustelnik SB, Owen L, Hall JL. Evaluation of a pre-tied ligature loop for canine total lung lobectomy. Vet Surg. 2019;48(4):570-577. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13194"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1287","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of dogs and cats undergoing lung lobectomy using either a self-ligating loop or a thoracoabdominal stapler","volume":"53","author":"Sandoval DM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sandoval DM, Stobie D, Valenzano DM, Zuendt GF, Lopez DJ. Short-term outcomes of dogs and cats undergoing lung lobectomy using either a self-ligating loop or a thoracoabdominal stapler. Vet Surg. 2024;53(7):1287-1293. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14145"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Ex vivo comparative evaluation of feline hilar lung lobectomy using linear stapler, pretied ligature loop, and double-shank titanium clips","volume":"54","author":"Ritson K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ritson K, Camarasa JJ, Gregorio M, Vallefuoco R. Ex vivo comparative evaluation of feline hilar lung lobectomy using linear stapler, pretied ligature loop, and double-shank titanium clips. Vet Surg. 2025;54(7):1409-1416. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14309"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","series-title":"Ulus Travma Derg","first-page":"795","article-title":"Laparoskopik apendektomide g\u00fcd\u00fck kapatmada \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok klip ve endostapler. Comparison of three different methods for stump closure in laparoscopic appendectomy: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok clip, and endostapler","volume":"30","author":"Ergun S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ergun S, Ozcan P, Gunaydin FI,  Laparoskopik apendektomide g\u00fcd\u00fck kapatmada \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok klip ve endostapler. Comparison of three different methods for stump closure in laparoscopic appendectomy: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok clip, and endostapler. Ulus Travma Derg. 2024;30(11):795-801. doi:10.14744\/tjtes.2024.76353"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Asian J Endosc Surg","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effective method of gallbladder retraction for single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy","volume":"12","author":"Funamizu N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Funamizu N, Okamoto T, Kumamoto T,  Effective method of gallbladder retraction for single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Asian J Endosc Surg. 2019;12(2):222-226. doi:10.1111\/ases.12614"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"547","article-title":"Optimum cystic duct closure: a comparative study using metallic clips, Enseal, and Endoloop in swine","volume":"205","author":"McVay D","year":"2013","unstructured":"McVay D, Nelson D, Porta CR, Blair K, Martin M. Optimum cystic duct closure: a comparative study using metallic clips, Enseal, and Endoloop in swine. Am J Surg. 2013;205(5):547-550. doi:10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.01.011"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"Hernia","first-page":"301","article-title":"The Endoloop technique for the primary closure of direct inguinal hernia defect during the endoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach","volume":"16","author":"Berney CR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berney CR. The Endoloop technique for the primary closure of direct inguinal hernia defect during the endoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach. Hernia. 2012;16(3):301-305. doi:10.1007\/s10029-011-0892-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"489","article-title":"An alternative technique in the management of bullous emphysema: thoracoscopic Endoloop ligation of bullae","volume":"111","author":"Liu HP","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liu HP, Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chu JJ, Hsieh MJ. An alternative technique in the management of bullous emphysema: thoracoscopic Endoloop ligation of bullae. Chest. 1997;111(2):489-493. doi:10.1378\/chest.111.2.489"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A","first-page":"120","article-title":"Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in infants and children with Endoloops allows smaller trocar sites and discreet biopsies","volume":"18","author":"Ponsky TA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ponsky TA, Rothenberg SS. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in infants and children with Endoloops allows smaller trocar sites and discreet biopsies. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008;18(1):120-122. doi:10.1089\/lap.2007.0161"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"61","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a pre-tied ligating loop for liver biopsy and liver lobectomy","volume":"54","author":"Cuddy LC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuddy LC, Risselada M, Ellison GW. Clinical evaluation of a pre-tied ligating loop for liver biopsy and liver lobectomy. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(2):61-66. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12008"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"693","article-title":"Short-term outcome following partial or complete liver lobectomy with a commercially prepared self-ligating loop in companion animals: 29 cases (2009-2012)","volume":"244","author":"Goodman AR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goodman AR, Casale SA. Short-term outcome following partial or complete liver lobectomy with a commercially prepared self-ligating loop in companion animals: 29 cases (2009-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(6):693-698. doi:10.2460\/javma.244.6.693"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"694","article-title":"Chest wall lift for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy: technique and results in two cats","volume":"54","author":"Aertsens A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aertsens A, Tsoi H, Esala M, Wheeler EP. Chest wall lift for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy: technique and results in two cats. Vet Surg. 2025;54(4):694-704. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14204"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"905","article-title":"Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine","volume":"39","author":"Cook JL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cook JL, Evans R, Conzemius MG,  Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine. Vet Surg. 2010;39(8):905-908. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00763.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1098612X241288175","article-title":"Risk factors affecting all-cause mortality in cats hospitalized by a referral soft tissue service","volume":"26","author":"Baker MM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baker MM, Schmiedt CW, Lewis M, Wallace ML, Sutherland B, Grimes JA. Risk factors affecting all-cause mortality in cats hospitalized by a referral soft tissue service. J Feline Med Surg. 2024;26(11):1098612X241288175. doi:10.1177\/1098612X241288175"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"979","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic indicators in 20 cats with surgically treated primary lung tumors","volume":"16","author":"Maritato KC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maritato KC, Schertel ER, Kennedy SC,  Outcome and prognostic indicators in 20 cats with surgically treated primary lung tumors. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(12):979-984. doi:10.1177\/1098612X14530121"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"467","article-title":"Canine and feline exudative pleural diseases","volume":"50","author":"Epstein SE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Epstein SE, Balsa IM. Canine and feline exudative pleural diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2020;50(2):467-487. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.10.008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1983","article-title":"Lungs","author":"Monnet E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monnet E. Lungs. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:1983\u20132000."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"570","article-title":"Evaluation of a pre-tied ligature loop for canine total lung lobectomy","volume":"48","author":"Cronin AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cronin AM, Pustelnik SB, Owen L, Hall JL. Evaluation of a pre-tied ligature loop for canine total lung lobectomy. Vet Surg. 2019;48(4):570-577. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13194"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1287","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of dogs and cats undergoing lung lobectomy using either a self-ligating loop or a thoracoabdominal stapler","volume":"53","author":"Sandoval DM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sandoval DM, Stobie D, Valenzano DM, Zuendt GF, Lopez DJ. Short-term outcomes of dogs and cats undergoing lung lobectomy using either a self-ligating loop or a thoracoabdominal stapler. Vet Surg. 2024;53(7):1287-1293. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14145"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Ex vivo comparative evaluation of feline hilar lung lobectomy using linear stapler, pretied ligature loop, and double-shank titanium clips","volume":"54","author":"Ritson K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ritson K, Camarasa JJ, Gregorio M, Vallefuoco R. Ex vivo comparative evaluation of feline hilar lung lobectomy using linear stapler, pretied ligature loop, and double-shank titanium clips. Vet Surg. 2025;54(7):1409-1416. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14309"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","series-title":"Ulus Travma Derg","first-page":"795","article-title":"Laparoskopik apendektomide g\u00fcd\u00fck kapatmada \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok klip ve endostapler. Comparison of three different methods for stump closure in laparoscopic appendectomy: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok clip, and endostapler","volume":"30","author":"Ergun S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ergun S, Ozcan P, Gunaydin FI,  Laparoskopik apendektomide g\u00fcd\u00fck kapatmada \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok klip ve endostapler. Comparison of three different methods for stump closure in laparoscopic appendectomy: Endoloop, Hem-o-lok clip, and endostapler. Ulus Travma Derg. 2024;30(11):795-801. doi:10.14744\/tjtes.2024.76353"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Asian J Endosc Surg","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effective method of gallbladder retraction for single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy","volume":"12","author":"Funamizu N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Funamizu N, Okamoto T, Kumamoto T,  Effective method of gallbladder retraction for single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Asian J Endosc Surg. 2019;12(2):222-226. doi:10.1111\/ases.12614"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"547","article-title":"Optimum cystic duct closure: a comparative study using metallic clips, Enseal, and Endoloop in swine","volume":"205","author":"McVay D","year":"2013","unstructured":"McVay D, Nelson D, Porta CR, Blair K, Martin M. Optimum cystic duct closure: a comparative study using metallic clips, Enseal, and Endoloop in swine. Am J Surg. 2013;205(5):547-550. doi:10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.01.011"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"Hernia","first-page":"301","article-title":"The Endoloop technique for the primary closure of direct inguinal hernia defect during the endoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach","volume":"16","author":"Berney CR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berney CR. The Endoloop technique for the primary closure of direct inguinal hernia defect during the endoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach. Hernia. 2012;16(3):301-305. doi:10.1007\/s10029-011-0892-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"489","article-title":"An alternative technique in the management of bullous emphysema: thoracoscopic Endoloop ligation of bullae","volume":"111","author":"Liu HP","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liu HP, Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chu JJ, Hsieh MJ. An alternative technique in the management of bullous emphysema: thoracoscopic Endoloop ligation of bullae. Chest. 1997;111(2):489-493. doi:10.1378\/chest.111.2.489"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A","first-page":"120","article-title":"Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in infants and children with Endoloops allows smaller trocar sites and discreet biopsies","volume":"18","author":"Ponsky TA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ponsky TA, Rothenberg SS. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in infants and children with Endoloops allows smaller trocar sites and discreet biopsies. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008;18(1):120-122. doi:10.1089\/lap.2007.0161"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"61","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a pre-tied ligating loop for liver biopsy and liver lobectomy","volume":"54","author":"Cuddy LC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuddy LC, Risselada M, Ellison GW. Clinical evaluation of a pre-tied ligating loop for liver biopsy and liver lobectomy. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(2):61-66. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12008"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"693","article-title":"Short-term outcome following partial or complete liver lobectomy with a commercially prepared self-ligating loop in companion animals: 29 cases (2009-2012)","volume":"244","author":"Goodman AR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goodman AR, Casale SA. Short-term outcome following partial or complete liver lobectomy with a commercially prepared self-ligating loop in companion animals: 29 cases (2009-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(6):693-698. doi:10.2460\/javma.244.6.693"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"694","article-title":"Chest wall lift for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy: technique and results in two cats","volume":"54","author":"Aertsens A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aertsens A, Tsoi H, Esala M, Wheeler EP. Chest wall lift for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy: technique and results in two cats. Vet Surg. 2025;54(4):694-704. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14204"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"905","article-title":"Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine","volume":"39","author":"Cook JL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cook JL, Evans R, Conzemius MG,  Proposed definitions and criteria for reporting time frame, outcome, and complications for clinical orthopedic studies in veterinary medicine. Vet Surg. 2010;39(8):905-908. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00763.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1098612X241288175","article-title":"Risk factors affecting all-cause mortality in cats hospitalized by a referral soft tissue service","volume":"26","author":"Baker MM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baker MM, Schmiedt CW, Lewis M, Wallace ML, Sutherland B, Grimes JA. Risk factors affecting all-cause mortality in cats hospitalized by a referral soft tissue service. J Feline Med Surg. 2024;26(11):1098612X241288175. doi:10.1177\/1098612X241288175"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"979","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic indicators in 20 cats with surgically treated primary lung tumors","volume":"16","author":"Maritato KC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maritato KC, Schertel ER, Kennedy SC,  Outcome and prognostic indicators in 20 cats with surgically treated primary lung tumors. 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