{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:18:26Z","timestamp":1789820306608,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Over the past few decades, living conditions for people and dogs have changed significantly, along with a rise in allergy rates in both species. Since dogs share living spaces with humans and are subject to modern urban living, dogs now face increased exposure to pollution and less contact with farm animals and rural environments. Rural living promotes exposure to a diverse microbiota, which shapes the immune response. Pollution has many detrimental effects, ranging from epithelial damage to epigenetic changes. Pollutants disrupt epithelia, promoting low-grade chronic inflammation, dysbiosis, increased allergen penetration, and sensitization. Dogs today face higher exposure to air pollutants, chemicals, plastics, and surfactants, whether from detergents, topical products, or additives in commercial foods. While in the past dogs were fed a variety of home-cooked diets, table scraps, and raw meats, they are now more likely to be fed commercial diets regularly. Dogs today lead more sedentary lives, with increased obesity and reduced exercise, factors that are known to raise the risk of developing atopic dermatitis in humans. Many owners experience higher stress levels, and dogs tend to mirror their owners\u2019 stress and anxiety. The effects of environmental and dietary factors on canine atopic dermatitis are discussed, emphasizing the current evidence from published epidemiological studies. While some studies report associations, others identify early-life factors that can influence disease development. The companion Currents in One Health article by Marsella,\n                    <jats:italic>AJVR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , January 2026, addresses the theories proposed to explain these associations and provides pathogenetic mechanisms for the rise of allergic diseases in people and dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T18:33:38Z","timestamp":1758738818000},"page":"11-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Environmental factors are responsible for the rise of atopic dermatitis in dogs: veterinarians should focus on modifiable influences"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-0453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Marsella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"15","article-title":"Canine atopic dermatitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies","volume":"15","author":"Drechsler Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Drechsler Y, Dong C, Clark DE, Kaur G. Canine atopic dermatitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl). 2024;15:15-29. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S412570"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am","first-page":"409","article-title":"Epidemics of dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Baghchechi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baghchechi M, Goldenberg A, Jacob SE. Epidemics of dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2021;41(3):409-421. doi:10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"JAVMA News","article-title":"Banfield: few pets allergic to food; flea, environmental allergies rise","author":"Burns K","unstructured":"Burns K. Banfield: few pets allergic to food; flea, environmental allergies rise. JAVMA News. June 27, 2018. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/javma-news\/2018-07-15\/banfield-few-pets-allergic-food-flea-environmental-allergies-rise#:~:text=Environmental%20allergies%20are%20also%20on,cats%20over%20the%20past%20decade"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"dvm360","article-title":"The prevalence of allergy-related claims","author":"Yankowicz S","unstructured":"Yankowicz S. The prevalence of allergy-related claims. dvm360. April 25, 2024. https:\/\/www.dvm360.com\/view\/the-prevalence-of-allergy-related-claims"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Pes Vet Bras","article-title":"Prevalence of canine atopic dermatitis at the veterinary hospital of the \u201cUniversidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia\u201d in Bel\u00e9m\/Par\u00e1, Brazil","author":"Couceiro GA","unstructured":"Couceiro GA, Ribeiro SMM, Monteiro MM, Meneses AMC, Sousa SKS, Coutinho LN. Prevalence of canine atopic dermatitis at the veterinary hospital of the \u201cUniversidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia\u201d in Bel\u00e9m\/Par\u00e1, Brazil. Pes Vet Bras. Published online April 14, 2021. doi:10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6778"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"15","article-title":"International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Hensel P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hensel P, Saridomichelakis M, Eisenschenk M, Tamamoto-Mochizuki C, Pucheu-Haston C, Santoro D; International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2024;35(1):15-24. doi:10.1111\/vde.13210"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"106","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis in West Highland White Terriers \u2014 part I: natural history of atopic dermatitis in the first three years of life","volume":"31","author":"Favrot C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Favrot C, Fischer N, Olivry T, Zwickl L, Audergon S, Rostaher A. Atopic dermatitis in West Highland White Terriers \u2014 part I: natural history of atopic dermatitis in the first three years of life. Vet Dermatol. 2020;31(2):106-110. doi:10.1111\/vde.12801"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Review: role of genetics and the environment in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Bizikova P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bizikova P, Pucheu-Haston CM, Eisenschenk MN, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Santoro D. Review: role of genetics and the environment in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2015;26(2):95-e26. doi:10.1111\/vde.12198"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","series-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep","first-page":"6","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of food allergy","volume":"20","author":"Warren CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warren CM, Jiang J, Gupta RS. Epidemiology and burden of food allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(2):6. doi:10.1007\/s11882-020-0898-7"},{"issue":"10247","key":"ref10","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"345","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"396","author":"Langan SM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langan SM, Irvine AD, Weidinger S. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2020;396(10247):345-360. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31286-1"},{"issue":"6476","key":"ref11","series-title":"Science","first-page":"392","article-title":"The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology","volume":"367","author":"Vermeulen R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vermeulen R, Schymanski EL, Barab\u00e1si AL, Miller GW. The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology. Science. 2020;367(6476):392-396. doi:10.1126\/science.aay3164"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Allergy","first-page":"222","article-title":"The role of the environment and exposome in atopic dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Stefanovic N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stefanovic N, Irvine AD, Flohr C. The role of the environment and exposome in atopic dermatitis. Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2021;8(3):222-241. doi:10.1007\/s40521-021-00289-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"327","article-title":"Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and Golden Retrievers","volume":"22","author":"Meury S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meury S, Molitor V, Doherr MG,  Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and Golden Retrievers. Vet Dermatol. 2011;22(4):327-334. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00950.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"396","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective large-scale study in Labrador and Golden Retrievers","volume":"30","author":"Harvey ND","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harvey ND, Shaw SC, Craigon PJ, Blott SC, England GCW. Environmental risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective large-scale study in Labrador and Golden Retrievers. Vet Dermatol. 2019;30(5):396-e119. doi:10.1111\/vde.12782"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0178771","article-title":"Environmental and phenotype-related risk factors for owner-reported allergic\/atopic skin symptoms and for canine atopic dermatitis verified by veterinarian in a Finnish dog population","volume":"12","author":"Anturaniemi J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anturaniemi J, Uusitalo L, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Environmental and phenotype-related risk factors for owner-reported allergic\/atopic skin symptoms and for canine atopic dermatitis verified by veterinarian in a Finnish dog population. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178771. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0178771"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","series-title":"Nat Immunol","first-page":"1076","article-title":"The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Lambrecht BN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(10):1076-1083. doi:10.1038\/ni.3829"},{"issue":"5567","key":"ref17","series-title":"Science","first-page":"490","article-title":"Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"296","author":"Yazdanbakhsh M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R. Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science. 2002;296(5567):490-494. doi:10.1126\/science.296.5567.490"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"e6673","article-title":"Scientists debunk idea that rise in allergic diseases is due to homes becoming \u201ctoo clean.\u201d","volume":"345","author":"Limb M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Limb M. Scientists debunk idea that rise in allergic diseases is due to homes becoming \u201ctoo clean.\u201d BMJ. 2012;345:e6673. doi:10.1136\/bmj.e6673"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"637087","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis and new perspectives: current challenges meeting an old postulate","volume":"12","author":"Garn H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garn H, Potaczek DP, Pfefferle PI. The hygiene hypothesis and new perspectives: current challenges meeting an old postulate. Front Immunol. 2021;12:637087. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2021.637087"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"1445","article-title":"A biodiversity hypothesis","volume":"74","author":"Haahtela T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haahtela T. A biodiversity hypothesis. Allergy. 2019;74(8):1445-1456. doi:10.1111\/all.13763"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"23","article-title":"A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Favrot C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, Picco F. A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis. Vet Dermatol. 2010;21(1):23-31. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00758.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"Acta Vet Hung","first-page":"353","article-title":"Prevalence and features of canine atopic dermatitis in Hungary","volume":"54","author":"Tarpataki N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tarpataki N, P\u00e1pa K, Reiczigel J, Vajdovich P, V\u00f6r\u00f6si K. Prevalence and features of canine atopic dermatitis in Hungary. Acta Vet Hung. 2006;54(3):353-366. doi:10.1556\/avet.54.2006.3.6"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"241","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for atopic dermatitis in a Swedish population of insured dogs","volume":"159","author":"N\u00f8dtvedt A","year":"2006","unstructured":"N\u00f8dtvedt A, Egenvall A, Bergvall K, Hedhammar A. Incidence of and risk factors for atopic dermatitis in a Swedish population of insured dogs. Vet Rec. 2006;159(8):241-246. doi:10.1136\/vr.159.8.241"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Hakanen E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakanen E, Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Salmela E,  Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1585. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-19953-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"21954","article-title":"Simultaneous allergic traits in dogs and their owners are associated with living environment, lifestyle and microbial exposures","volume":"10","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Sinkko H, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A, Laatikainen T, Ruokolainen L, Lohi H. Simultaneous allergic traits in dogs and their owners are associated with living environment, lifestyle and microbial exposures. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21954. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-79055-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e83197","article-title":"The skin microbiome in healthy and allergic dogs","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Patterson AP, Diesel A,  The skin microbiome in healthy and allergic dogs. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e83197. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0083197"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"332","article-title":"The skin microbiome in allergen-induced canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Pierezan F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pierezan F, Olivry T, Paps JS,  The skin microbiome in allergen-induced canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2016;27(5):332-e82. doi:10.1111\/vde.12366"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Invest Dermatol","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Bradley CW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradley CW, Morris DO, Rankin SC,  Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(6):1182-1190. doi:10.1016\/j.jid.2016.01.023"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Impact of the early-life skin microbiota on the development of canine atopic dermatitis in a high-risk breed birth cohort","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez-Campos S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Campos S, Rostaher A, Zwickl L,  Impact of the early-life skin microbiota on the development of canine atopic dermatitis in a high-risk breed birth cohort. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1044. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-57798-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref30","series-title":"Exp Dermatol","first-page":"975","article-title":"Link between obesity and atopic dermatitis: does obesity predispose to atopic dermatitis, or vice versa?","volume":"32","author":"Yang S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang S, Zhu T, Wakefield JS, Mauro TM, Elias PM, Man MQ. Link between obesity and atopic dermatitis: does obesity predispose to atopic dermatitis, or vice versa? Exp Dermatol. 2023;32(7):975-985. doi:10.1111\/exd.14801"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","series-title":"JID Innov","first-page":"100064","article-title":"Emerging roles of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis in obesity","volume":"2","author":"Guo Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo Z, Yang Y, Liao Y, Shi Y, Zhang LJ. Emerging roles of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis in obesity. JID Innov. 2022;2(1):100064. doi:10.1016\/j.xjidi.2021.100064"},{"issue":"7 suppl","key":"ref32","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"1940S","article-title":"The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats","volume":"136","author":"German AJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"German AJ. The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats. J Nutr. 2006;136(7 suppl):1940S-1946S. doi:10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1940S"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"654617","article-title":"Is there a correlation between dog obesity and human obesity? Preliminary findings of overweight status among dog owners and their dogs","volume":"8","author":"Linder DE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Linder DE, Santiago S, Halbreich ED. Is there a correlation between dog obesity and human obesity? Preliminary findings of overweight status among dog owners and their dogs. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:654617. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.654617"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","series-title":"Public Health Nutr","first-page":"102","article-title":"Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners","volume":"13","author":"Nijland ML","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nijland ML, Stam F, Seidell JC. Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(1):102-106. doi:10.1017\/S136898000999022X"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"1473105","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of obesity predispose to atopic dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Shang D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shang D, Zhao S. Molecular mechanisms of obesity predispose to atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1473105. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1473105"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref36","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"354","article-title":"Microbiome in the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Lee SY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SY, Lee E, Park YM, Hong SJ. Microbiome in the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10(4):354-362. doi:10.4168\/aair.2018.10.4.354"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","series-title":"J Pak Med Assoc","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Gut microbiome skin axis in the development of atopic dermatitis","volume":"71","author":"Alghamdi HA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alghamdi HA, Behieldin A, Edris S. Gut microbiome skin axis in the development of atopic dermatitis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(4):1221-1227."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref38","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"671","article-title":"The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Ross FC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ross FC, Patangia D, Grimaud G,  The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22(11):671-686. doi:10.1038\/s41579-024-01068-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref39","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"605","article-title":"The gut microbiome of dogs and cats, and the influence of diet","volume":"51","author":"Pilla R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The gut microbiome of dogs and cats, and the influence of diet. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2021;51(3):605-621. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.01.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e1453","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage","volume":"10","author":"Ekici YE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ekici YE, Ok M. Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage. Vet Med Sci. 2024;10(3):e1453. doi:10.1002\/vms3.1453"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref41","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"309","article-title":"A case-control study of risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis among Boxer, Bullterrier and West Highland White Terrier dogs in Sweden","volume":"18","author":"N\u00f8dtvedt A","year":"2007","unstructured":"N\u00f8dtvedt A, Bergvall K, Sallander M, Egenvall A, Emanuelson U, Hedhammar A. A case-control study of risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis among Boxer, Bullterrier and West Highland White Terrier dogs in Sweden. Vet Dermatol. 2007;18(5):309-315. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00617.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","first-page":"e0225675","article-title":"Identification of modifiable pre- and postnatal dietary and environmental exposures associated with owner-reported canine atopic dermatitis in Finland using a web-based questionnaire","volume":"15","author":"Hemida M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hemida M, Vuori KA, Salin S, Moore R, Anturaniemi J, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Identification of modifiable pre- and postnatal dietary and environmental exposures associated with owner-reported canine atopic dermatitis in Finland using a web-based questionnaire. 2020;15(5):e0225675. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0225675"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref43","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2374","article-title":"Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy\/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Hemida MBM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hemida MBM, Salin S, Vuori KA,  Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy\/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(5):2374-2383. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16211"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","series-title":"N Z Vet J","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of raw-meat diets on the gastrointestinal microbiota of the cat and dog: a review","volume":"70","author":"Butowski CF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butowski CF, Moon CD, Thomas DG, Young W, Bermingham EN. The effects of raw-meat diets on the gastrointestinal microbiota of the cat and dog: a review. N Z Vet J. 2022;70(1):1-9. doi:10.1080\/00480169.2021.1975586"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"552251","article-title":"The effect of atopic dermatitis and diet on the skin transcriptome in Staffordshire Bull Terriers","volume":"7","author":"Anturaniemi J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anturaniemi J, Zald\u00edvar-L\u00f3pez S, Savelkoul HFJ, Elo K, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. The effect of atopic dermatitis and diet on the skin transcriptome in Staffordshire Bull Terriers. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:552251. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.552251"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of kibble and raw meat diets on peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profile in dogs","volume":"234","author":"Anderson RC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson RC, Armstrong KM, Young W, Maclean P, Thomas DG, Bermingham EN. Effect of kibble and raw meat diets on peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profile in dogs. Vet J. 2018;234:7-10. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.01.005"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref47","series-title":"Foods","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Immune reactivity to raw and processed foods and their possible contributions to autoimmunity","volume":"14","author":"Vojdani A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Benzvi C, Lerner A. Immune reactivity to raw and processed foods and their possible contributions to autoimmunity. Foods. 2025;14(8):1357. doi:10.3390\/foods14081357"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"96","article-title":"The role of carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose in the development of intestinal inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Martino JV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martino JV, Van Limbergen J, Cahill LE. The role of carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose in the development of intestinal inflammation. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:96. doi:10.3389\/fped.2017.00096"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","series-title":"Gut Microbes","first-page":"2341457","article-title":"Dietary fiber guar gum-induced shift in gut microbiota metabolism and intestinal immune activity enhances susceptibility to colonic inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Paudel D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paudel D, Nair DVT, Tian S,  Dietary fiber guar gum-induced shift in gut microbiota metabolism and intestinal immune activity enhances susceptibility to colonic inflammation. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2341457. doi:10.1080\/19490976.2024.2341457"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Front Allergy","first-page":"711945","article-title":"Diet diversity through the life-course as an opportunity toward food allergy prevention","volume":"2","author":"Spolidoro GCI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spolidoro GCI, Azzolino D, Cesari M, Agostoni C. Diet diversity through the life-course as an opportunity toward food allergy prevention. Front Allergy. 2021;2:711945. doi:10.3389\/falgy.2021.711945"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref51","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"545","article-title":"Immunonutrition: diet diversity, gut microbiome and prevention of allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Venter C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venter C. Immunonutrition: diet diversity, gut microbiome and prevention of allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(5):545-561. doi:10.4168\/aair.2023.15.5.545"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref52","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"329","article-title":"Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards","volume":"60","author":"Davies RH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davies RH, Lawes JR, Wales AD. Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. J Small Anim Pract. 2019;60(6):329-339. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13000"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref53","series-title":"R Soc Open Sci","first-page":"221104","article-title":"Distinct healthy and atopic canine gut microbiota is influenced by diet and antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Sinkko H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sinkko H, Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Lohi H, Ruokolainen L, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Distinct healthy and atopic canine gut microbiota is influenced by diet and antibiotics. R Soc Open Sci. 2023;10(4):221104. doi:10.1098\/rsos.221104"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref54","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2377","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs\u2014preliminary data","volume":"12","author":"Rostaher A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rostaher A, Morsy Y, Favrot C,  Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs\u2014preliminary data. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(18):2377. doi:10.3390\/ani12182377"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref55","series-title":"Microbiome","first-page":"232","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs","volume":"11","author":"Thomsen M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomsen M, K\u00fcnstner A, Wohlers I,  A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs. Microbiome. 2023;11(1):232. doi:10.1186\/s40168-023-01671-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref56","series-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep","first-page":"312","article-title":"Stress and atopic dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Arndt J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arndt J, Smith N, Tausk F. Stress and atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8(4):312-317. doi:10.1007\/s11882-008-0050-6"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref57","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"2131","article-title":"Association between stress and the HPA axis in the atopic dermatitis","volume":"18","author":"Lin TK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Association between stress and the HPA axis in the atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2131. doi:10.3390\/ijms18102131"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref58","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"6334","article-title":"Psychological stress deteriorates skin barrier function by activating 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and the HPA axis","volume":"8","author":"Choe SJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choe SJ, Kim D, Kim EJ,  Psychological stress deteriorates skin barrier function by activating 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and the HPA axis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6334. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-24653-z"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref59","series-title":"Clin Ther","first-page":"757","article-title":"Stress-induced interaction of skin immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters","volume":"42","author":"Pondeljak N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pondeljak N, Lugovi\u0107-Mihi\u0107 L. Stress-induced interaction of skin immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Clin Ther. 2020;42(5):757-770. doi:10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.03.008"},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"Brain Behav Immun","first-page":"286","article-title":"Role of stress in skin diseases: a neuroendocrine-immune interaction view","volume":"116","author":"Zhang H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wang M, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen X, Su J. Role of stress in skin diseases: a neuroendocrine-immune interaction view. Brain Behav Immun. 2024;116:286-302. doi:10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref61","series-title":"J Anim Sci Technol","first-page":"468","article-title":"Stress level in companion dogs with and without atopic dermatitis","volume":"67","author":"Park GW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park GW, Ataallahi M, Park KH. Stress level in companion dogs with and without atopic dermatitis. J Anim Sci Technol. 2025;67(2):468-476. doi:10.5187\/jast.2024.e28"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref62","series-title":"Jpn J Vet Res","first-page":"123","article-title":"Elevated cortisol content in dog hair with atopic dermatitis","volume":"64","author":"Park SH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park SH, Kim SA, Shin NS, Hwang CY. Elevated cortisol content in dog hair with atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Vet Res. 2016;64(2):123-129."},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"Gallup","article-title":"Americans sleep less, more stressed","author":"Fioroni S","unstructured":"Fioroni S, Foy D. Americans sleep less, more stressed. Gallup. April 15, 2024. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/642704\/americans-sleeping-less-stressed.aspx#:~:text=Stress%20Rising%20for%20Americans%20Over,from%2040%25%20to%2042%25.&text=Just%20as%20with%20sleep%2C%20there,compared%20with%2045%25%20of%20men"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref64","series-title":"Dev Psychol","first-page":"515","article-title":"Longitudinal change in daily stress across 20 years of adulthood: results from the national study of daily experiences","volume":"59","author":"Almeida DM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almeida DM, Rush J, Mogle J, Piazza JR, Cerino E, Charles ST. Longitudinal change in daily stress across 20 years of adulthood: results from the national study of daily experiences. Dev Psychol. 2023;59(3):515-523. doi:10.1037\/dev0001469"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref65","series-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry","first-page":"398","article-title":"Urbanicity: the need for new avenues to explore the link between urban living and psychosis","volume":"14","author":"Abrahamyan Empson L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abrahamyan Empson L, Baumann PS, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m O, Codeluppi Z, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m D, Conus P. Urbanicity: the need for new avenues to explore the link between urban living and psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020;14(4):398-409. doi:10.1111\/eip.12861"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref66","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7391","article-title":"Long-term stress levels are synchronized in dogs and their owners","volume":"9","author":"Sundman AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sundman AS, Van Poucke E, Svensson Holm AC,  Long-term stress levels are synchronized in dogs and their owners. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7391. doi:10.1038\/s41598-019-43851-x. Published correction appears in Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17112. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-74204-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"16887","article-title":"Dog owners\u2019 job stress crosses over to their pet dogs via work-related rumination","volume":"15","author":"Mitropoulos T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mitropoulos T, Andrukonis A. Dog owners\u2019 job stress crosses over to their pet dogs via work-related rumination. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):16887. doi:10.1038\/s41598-025-01131-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref68","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8612","article-title":"Long-term stress in dogs is related to the human-dog relationship and personality traits","volume":"11","author":"H\u00f6glin A","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f6glin A, Van Poucke E, Katajamaa R, Jensen P, Theodorsson E, Roth LSV. Long-term stress in dogs is related to the human-dog relationship and personality traits. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8612. doi:10.1038\/s41598-021-88201-y"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref69","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease","volume":"77","author":"Celebi Sozener Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P,  Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1418-1449. doi:10.1111\/all.15240"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref70","series-title":"Nat Rev Immunol","first-page":"739","article-title":"Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions?","volume":"21","author":"Akdis CA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akdis CA. Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions? Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(11):739-751. doi:10.1038\/s41577-021-00538-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref71","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"145","author":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z, Cevhertas L, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1517-1528. doi:10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref72","series-title":"Contact Dermatitis","first-page":"615","article-title":"Dysregulation of the epithelial barrier by environmental and other exogenous factors","volume":"85","author":"Mitamura Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mitamura Y, Ogulur I, Pat Y,  Dysregulation of the epithelial barrier by environmental and other exogenous factors. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;85(6):615-626. doi:10.1111\/cod.13959"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref73","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"705","article-title":"Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Losol P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Losol P, Sokolowska M, Hwang YK,  Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(6):705-724. doi:10.4168\/aair.2023.15.6.705"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref74","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"3238","article-title":"Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs","volume":"79","author":"Ardicli S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ardicli S, Ardicli O, Yazici D,  Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs. Allergy. 2024;79(12):3238-3268. doi:10.1111\/all.16343"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref75","series-title":"Cosmetics","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) applied as a patch on human skin physiology and its microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Leoty-Okombi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leoty-Okombi S, Gillaizeau F, Leuillet S,  Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) applied as a patch on human skin physiology and its microbiota. Cosmetics. 2021;8(1):6. doi:10.3390\/cosmetics8010006"},{"key":"ref76","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"329","article-title":"Association between passive smoking and atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Ka D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ka D, Marignac G, Desquilbet L,  Association between passive smoking and atopic dermatitis in dogs. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;66:329-333. doi:10.1016\/j.fct.2014.01.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref77","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"862","article-title":"Effect of indoor air pollution on atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"78","author":"Lee JH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kang BT, Kim HJ. Effect of indoor air pollution on atopic dermatitis in dogs. Allergy. 2023;78(3):862-864. doi:10.1111\/all.15521"},{"key":"ref78","series-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf","first-page":"115544","article-title":"Indoor particulate matter induces epigenetic changes in companion atopic dogs","volume":"266","author":"Kim J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim Y, Song Y, Kim TJ, Lee SH, Kim HJ. Indoor particulate matter induces epigenetic changes in companion atopic dogs. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;266:115544. doi:10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115544"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref79","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Air pollution and atopic dermatitis, from molecular mechanisms to population-level evidence: a review","volume":"20","author":"Fadadu RP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fadadu RP, Abuabara K, Balmes JR, Hanifin JM, Wei ML. Air pollution and atopic dermatitis, from molecular mechanisms to population-level evidence: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2526. doi:10.3390\/ijerph20032526"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref80","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"306","article-title":"Studies on the role of routes of allergen exposure in high IgE-producing Beagle dogs sensitized to house dust mites","volume":"17","author":"Marsella R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marsella R, Nicklin C, Lopez J. Studies on the role of routes of allergen exposure in high IgE-producing Beagle dogs sensitized to house dust mites. Vet Dermatol. 2006;17(5):306-312. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00541.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref81","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"188","article-title":"Stratum corneum removal facilitates experimental sensitization to mite allergens in atopic dogs","volume":"22","author":"Olivry T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olivry T, Wofford J, Paps JS, Dunston SM. Stratum corneum removal facilitates experimental sensitization to mite allergens in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2011;22(2):188-196. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00938.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.06.0391.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.06.0391.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.06.0391.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T21:04:04Z","timestamp":1765573444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.06.0391.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.06.0391","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}