{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:16:10Z","timestamp":1785420970295,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, surgical treatments, and outcomes for Spaniels with cricopharyngeal achalasia (CPA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>18 purebred or mixed-breed Spaniels treated surgically for CPA between 2003 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owners most commonly reported dysphagia (n = 13) and coughing when eating or drinking (10). There were 10 males (9 sexually intact, 1 castrated) and 8 sexually intact females. Median age and weight were 6 months (range, 5 to 59 months) and 8.0 kg (range, 0.8 to 22.0 kg), respectively. Median age at onset of clinical signs was 3 months (range, 5 to 6 months; n = 15). Body condition score on a scale from 1 (emaciated) to 5 (obese) was documented for 17 dogs: 13 dogs had a body condition score of 3\/5, and 4 had a score of 2\/5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoroscopic barium-swallow esophagography was performed for all dogs, and all had findings consistent with CPA. Dogs underwent cricopharyngeal myectomy (n = 10), cricopharyngeal myectomy and thyropharyngeal myotomy (5), cricopharyngeal myectomy and thyropharyngeal myectomy (2), or cricopharyngeal myotomy alone (1). Seventeen dogs survived to hospital discharge: 11 had immediate complete resolution of signs, 5 had partial resolution, and 1 had no clinical improvement. Clinical signs recurred in 3 dogs after initial cricopharyngeal myectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differential diagnoses for young dysphagic dogs should include CPA. Our findings suggest that dogs undergoing surgical treatment for CPA have favorable outcomes; however, some dogs in this study had persistence or recurrence of mild clinical signs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T17:45:21Z","timestamp":1759513521000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surgical management of cricopharyngeal achalasia in Spaniels results in favorable outcomes, with persistence or recurrence of mild signs documented in some dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0505-762X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referrals Veterinary Specialists, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8884-4088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matteo","family":"Rossanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-5117","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Salmoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3003-0636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Murgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referrals Veterinary Specialists, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3-6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol","first-page":"99","article-title":"Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study","volume":"20","author":"Watrous BJ","year":"1979","unstructured":"Watrous BJ, Suter PF. Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study. Vet Radiol. 1979;20(3-6):99-109. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1979.tb01187.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Radiol","first-page":"11","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders","volume":"24","author":"Watrous BJ","year":"1983","unstructured":"Watrous BJ, Suter PF. Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders. Vet Radiol. 1983;24(1):11-24. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1983.tb01709.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"373","article-title":"Diagnostic outcome of contrast videofluoroscopic swallowing studies in 216 dysphagic dogs","volume":"58","author":"Pollard RE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pollard RE, Marks SL, Cheney DM, Bonadio CM. Diagnostic outcome of contrast videofluoroscopic swallowing studies in 216 dysphagic dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(4):373-380. doi:10.1111\/vru.12493"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Small Animal Surgery. Vol 3","first-page":"339","article-title":"Surgery of the digestive system","author":"Fossum TW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fossum TW, Hedlund CS. Surgery of the digestive system. In: Fossum TW, Hedlund CS, Hulse DA, , eds. Small Animal Surgery. Vol 3. 3rd ed. Mosby; 2007:339\u2013530."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"75","article-title":"An anatomical and clinical review of cricopharyngeal achalasia in the dog","volume":"81","author":"Elliott RC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elliott RC. An anatomical and clinical review of cricopharyngeal achalasia in the dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2010;81(2):75-79. doi:10.4102\/jsava.v81i2.108"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec","article-title":"Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia: case report","volume":"63","author":"Malm C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malm C, Souza EM, Ferian PE,  Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia: case report. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2011;63(1). doi:10.1590\/S0102-09352011000100009"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Daehan Suyi Haghoeji","first-page":"261","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in an old dog","volume":"54","author":"Im JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Im JE, Yoon HY, Kim SG, Lee CM, Eom KD, Park HM. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in an old dog. Daehan Suyi Haghoeji. 2014;54(4):261-263. doi:10.14405\/kjvr.2014.54.4.261"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"32","article-title":"Resolution of dysphagia following cricopharyngeal myectomy in six young dogs","volume":"42","author":"Niles JD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niles JD, Williams JM, Sullivan M, Crowsley FE. Resolution of dysphagia following cricopharyngeal myectomy in six young dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2001;42(1):32-35. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb01982.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: 14 cases (1989-2001)","volume":"223","author":"Warnock JJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Warnock JJ, Marks SL, Pollard R, Kyles AE, Davidson A. Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: 14 cases (1989-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223(10):1462-1468. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1462"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref10","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"633","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal and thyropharyngeal myectomy for management of cricopharyngeal achalasia in a 6-month-old Coton de Tulear dog","volume":"64","author":"Welch B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Welch B, Ogilvie A, Porter I, Bourassi E. Cricopharyngeal and thyropharyngeal myectomy for management of cricopharyngeal achalasia in a 6-month-old Coton de Tulear dog. Can Vet J. 2023;64(7):633-638."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia","volume":"160","author":"Rosin E","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rosin E, Hanlon GF. Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972;160(11):1496-1499. doi:10.2460\/javma.1972.160.11.1496"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"993","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in a dog","volume":"44","author":"Pfeifer RM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfeifer RM. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in a dog. Can Vet J. 2003;44(12):993-995."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"553","article-title":"L-thyroxine responsive cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with hypothyroidism in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Bruchim Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bruchim Y, Kushnir A, Shamir MH. L-thyroxine responsive cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with hypothyroidism in a dog. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46(11):553-554. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00286.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"100","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction","volume":"122","author":"Kelly EA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly EA, Koszewski IJ, Jaradeh SS, Merati AL, Blumin JH, Bock JM. Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013;122(2):100-108. doi:10.1177\/000348941312200205"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"50","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection before surgical intervention in a dog with cricopharyngeal achalasia","volume":"35","author":"Bae S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae S, Yun S. Botulinum toxin injection before surgical intervention in a dog with cricopharyngeal achalasia. J Vet Clin. 2018;35(2):50-52. doi:10.17555\/jvc.2018.04.35.2.50"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia: management and associated outcomes\u2014a scoping review","volume":"163","author":"Dewan K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dewan K, Santa Maria C, Noel J. Cricopharyngeal achalasia: management and associated outcomes\u2014a scoping review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(6):1109-1113. doi:10.1177\/0194599820931470"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref17","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"750","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Ladlow J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ladlow J, Hardie RJ. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2000;22(8):750-755."},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"696","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: the lateral approach for surgical management","volume":"28","author":"Papazoglou LG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papazoglou LG, Mann F, Warnock JJ, Song KJE. Cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: the lateral approach for surgical management. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2006;28:696-704."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Successful treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia with bilateral myectomy in a dog","volume":"55","author":"Langlois DK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langlois DK, Stanley BJ, Ballegeer EA. Successful treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia with bilateral myectomy in a dog. Can Vet J. 2014;55(12):1167-1172."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Iowa State Univ Vet","first-page":"14","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of persistent dysphagia and regurgitation in the young","volume":"42","author":"Carlisle WT","year":"1980","unstructured":"Carlisle WT, Egger EL. Differential diagnosis of persistent dysphagia and regurgitation in the young. Iowa State Univ Vet. 1980;42(1):14-18."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"209","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in Cocker Spaniels","volume":"24","author":"Weaver AD","year":"1983","unstructured":"Weaver AD. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in Cocker Spaniels. J Small Anim Pract. 1983;24(4):209-214. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00433.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"344","article-title":"Inheritance of cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Golden Retrievers","volume":"65","author":"Davidson AP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davidson AP, Pollard RE, Bannasch DL, Marks SL, Hornof WJ, Famula TR. Inheritance of cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Golden Retrievers. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65(3):344-349. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.344"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats","volume":"49","author":"Follette CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Follette CM, Giuffrida MA, Balsa IM,  A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):61-69. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13279"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref24","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia presenting as acute dysphagia in a pediatric patient","volume":"131","author":"O\u2019Neill LB","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill LB, Magyar M, Reilly B, Gayle T. Cricopharyngeal achalasia presenting as acute dysphagia in a pediatric patient. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2022;131(9):1027-1031. doi:10.1177\/00034894211050453"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"280","article-title":"Computed tomographic findings in dogs with suspected aspiration pneumonia: 38 cases (2014-2019)","volume":"64","author":"Constantinescu R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Constantinescu R, Istrate A, Sumping JC, Dye C, Schiborra F, Mortier JR. Computed tomographic findings in dogs with suspected aspiration pneumonia: 38 cases (2014-2019). J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(4):280-287. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13575"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1748","article-title":"Etiology and clinical outcome in dogs with aspiration pneumonia: 88 cases (2004-2006)","volume":"233","author":"Kogan DA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kogan DA, Johnson LR, Sturges BK, Jandrey KE, Pollard RE. Etiology and clinical outcome in dogs with aspiration pneumonia: 88 cases (2004-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233(11):1748-1755. doi:10.2460\/javma.233.11.1748"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"319","article-title":"Potential risks, prognostic indicators, and diagnostic and treatment modalities affecting survival in dogs with presumptive aspiration pneumonia: 125 cases (2005-2008)","volume":"20","author":"Tart KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tart KM, Babski DM, Lee JA. 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PRISMA - practical meta-analysis of applying local triamcinolone acetonide injection for stenosis after esophageal cancer surgery. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:6327-6338. doi:10.2147\/CMAR.S173769"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","series-title":"Investig Clin Urol","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effect of local steroids on urethral strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Soliman C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soliman C, Pan HYC, Mulholland CJ,  Effect of local steroids on urethral strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Investig Clin Urol. 2022;63(3):273-284. doi:10.4111\/icu.20210391"},{"issue":"3-6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol","first-page":"99","article-title":"Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study","volume":"20","author":"Watrous BJ","year":"1979","unstructured":"Watrous BJ, Suter PF. Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study. Vet Radiol. 1979;20(3-6):99-109. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1979.tb01187.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Radiol","first-page":"11","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders","volume":"24","author":"Watrous BJ","year":"1983","unstructured":"Watrous BJ, Suter PF. Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders. Vet Radiol. 1983;24(1):11-24. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1983.tb01709.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"373","article-title":"Diagnostic outcome of contrast videofluoroscopic swallowing studies in 216 dysphagic dogs","volume":"58","author":"Pollard RE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pollard RE, Marks SL, Cheney DM, Bonadio CM. 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J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2010;81(2):75-79. doi:10.4102\/jsava.v81i2.108"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec","article-title":"Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia: case report","volume":"63","author":"Malm C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malm C, Souza EM, Ferian PE,  Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia: case report. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2011;63(1). doi:10.1590\/S0102-09352011000100009"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Daehan Suyi Haghoeji","first-page":"261","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in an old dog","volume":"54","author":"Im JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Im JE, Yoon HY, Kim SG, Lee CM, Eom KD, Park HM. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in an old dog. Daehan Suyi Haghoeji. 2014;54(4):261-263. doi:10.14405\/kjvr.2014.54.4.261"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"32","article-title":"Resolution of dysphagia following cricopharyngeal myectomy in six young dogs","volume":"42","author":"Niles JD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niles JD, Williams JM, Sullivan M, Crowsley FE. Resolution of dysphagia following cricopharyngeal myectomy in six young dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2001;42(1):32-35. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb01982.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: 14 cases (1989-2001)","volume":"223","author":"Warnock JJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Warnock JJ, Marks SL, Pollard R, Kyles AE, Davidson A. Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: 14 cases (1989-2001). 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J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972;160(11):1496-1499. doi:10.2460\/javma.1972.160.11.1496"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"993","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in a dog","volume":"44","author":"Pfeifer RM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfeifer RM. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in a dog. Can Vet J. 2003;44(12):993-995."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"553","article-title":"L-thyroxine responsive cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with hypothyroidism in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Bruchim Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bruchim Y, Kushnir A, Shamir MH. L-thyroxine responsive cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with hypothyroidism in a dog. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46(11):553-554. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00286.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"100","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction","volume":"122","author":"Kelly EA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly EA, Koszewski IJ, Jaradeh SS, Merati AL, Blumin JH, Bock JM. Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013;122(2):100-108. doi:10.1177\/000348941312200205"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"50","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection before surgical intervention in a dog with cricopharyngeal achalasia","volume":"35","author":"Bae S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae S, Yun S. Botulinum toxin injection before surgical intervention in a dog with cricopharyngeal achalasia. J Vet Clin. 2018;35(2):50-52. doi:10.17555\/jvc.2018.04.35.2.50"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia: management and associated outcomes\u2014a scoping review","volume":"163","author":"Dewan K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dewan K, Santa Maria C, Noel J. Cricopharyngeal achalasia: management and associated outcomes\u2014a scoping review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(6):1109-1113. doi:10.1177\/0194599820931470"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref17","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"750","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Ladlow J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ladlow J, Hardie RJ. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2000;22(8):750-755."},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"696","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: the lateral approach for surgical management","volume":"28","author":"Papazoglou LG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papazoglou LG, Mann F, Warnock JJ, Song KJE. Cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: the lateral approach for surgical management. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2006;28:696-704."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Successful treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia with bilateral myectomy in a dog","volume":"55","author":"Langlois DK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langlois DK, Stanley BJ, Ballegeer EA. Successful treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia with bilateral myectomy in a dog. 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