{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:52:12Z","timestamp":1780440732285,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify radiographic features of dogs with 360\u00b0 gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) distinguishable from those associated with GD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multi-institutional medical record review was performed for cases of canine 360\u00b0 GDV between April 2008 and September 2022. Gastric dilatation cases were retrieved from a single academic institution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiographs of 29 client-owned dogs surgically diagnosed with 360\u00b0 GDV and 38 dogs with GD were included. The most common radiographic findings in dogs with a 360\u00b0 GDV included the gastric fundus located caudoventrally (lateral; 100%), the pyloric antrum located craniodorsally (lateral; 88%), an abnormally shaped and sized spleen (36%), and decreased peritoneal detail (81%). When marked esophageal gas dilatation was present, a funnel shape to the caudal esophagus (ie, \u201ccaudal esophageal twist sign\u201d) was appreciable in all dogs presenting with volvulus. However, orogastric decompression prior to radiographs resulted in mild to no esophageal gas dilatation, hindering radiographic identification of this sign. In dogs with GD, the gastric fundus was in the craniodorsal position (lateral) and left cranial abdomen (ventrodorsal or dorsoventral) in 100% of cases. The pyloric antrum was in the right cranial abdomen (ventrodorsal or dorsoventral views) in 100%. The spleen and peritoneal detail were normal in all dogs with GD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The funnel-shaped caudal esophagus (caudal esophageal twist sign) was compatible with 360\u00b0 GDV in dogs with moderate or severe esophageal gas dilatation and was absent in dogs with GD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This new radiographic feature of 360\u00b0 GDV may help practitioners distinguish between 360\u00b0 GDV and GD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:39:32Z","timestamp":1760121572000},"page":"416-422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caudal esophageal twist sign may help in differentiating between 360\u00b0 gastric dilatation-volvulus and gastric dilatation in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8201-040X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Rivenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Mitjans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Almodovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda L.","family":"van Stee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy D.","family":"Meola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Hospital, South Deerfield, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cody P.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedVet Mandeville 24\/7 Emergency Vet and Specialty Care, Mandeville, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego A.","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico R.","family":"Vilaplana Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"513","article-title":"Gastric dilatation volvulus: surgical prevention","volume":"23","author":"Ellison GW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ellison GW. Gastric dilatation volvulus: surgical prevention. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23(3):513-530. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50302-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"987","article-title":"Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Monnet E","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monnet E. Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2003;33(5):987-1005. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00059-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"253","article-title":"A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs","volume":"34","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1998","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Lantz GC, Schellenberg DB, Glickman NW. A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34(3):253-259. doi:10.5326\/15473317-34-3-253"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"232","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 736 cases of canine gastric dilatation volvulus","volume":"98","author":"Song KK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song KK, Goldsmid SE, Lee J, Simpson DJ. Retrospective analysis of 736 cases of canine gastric dilatation volvulus. Aust Vet J. 2020;98(6):232-238. doi:10.1111\/avj.12942"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"189","article-title":"The effect of 360\u00b0 gastric volvulus on the blood supply of the nondistended normal dog stomach","volume":"13","author":"Lantz GC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lantz GC, Bottoms GD, Carlton WW, Newman S, Cantwell HD. The effect of 360\u00b0 gastric volvulus on the blood supply of the nondistended normal dog stomach. Vet Surg. 1984;13(3):189-196. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1984.tb00787.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"460","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992)","volume":"207","author":"Brockman DJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brockman DJ, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207(4):460-464. doi:10.2460\/javma.1995.207.04.0460"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"563","article-title":"Food engorgement in 35 dogs (2009-2013) compared with 36 dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus","volume":"181","author":"Smart L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smart L, Reese S, Hosgood G. Food engorgement in 35 dogs (2009-2013) compared with 36 dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus. Vet Rec. 2017;181(21):563. doi:10.1136\/vr.104353"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"73","article-title":"Gastric torsion in the dog\u2014I. Radiological picture during nonsurgical treatment related to the pathological anatomy and to the further clinical course","volume":"20","author":"Funkquist B","year":"1979","unstructured":"Funkquist B. Gastric torsion in the dog\u2014I. Radiological picture during nonsurgical treatment related to the pathological anatomy and to the further clinical course. J Small Anim Pract. 1979;20(2):73-91. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1979.tb05942.x"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"561","article-title":"Differentiating between food bloat and gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs","volume":"181","author":"Humm K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Humm K, Barfield D. Differentiating between food bloat and gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs. Vet Rec. 2017;181(21):561-562. doi:10.1136\/vr.j5449"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"205","article-title":"Pneumatosis in canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Fischetti AJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischetti AJ, Saunders HM, Drobatz KJ. Pneumatosis in canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2004;45(3):205-209. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04034.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"e13445","article-title":"Radiographic findings in dogs with 360 degrees gastric dilatation and volvulus","volume":"66","author":"Mur PE","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mur PE, Appleby R, Phillips KL,  Radiographic findings in dogs with 360 degrees gastric dilatation and volvulus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2025;66(1):e13445. doi:10.1111\/vru.13445"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003)","volume":"229","author":"Beck JJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beck JJ, Staatz AJ, Pelsue DH,  Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(12):1934-1939. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.12.1934"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessment of two methods of gastric decompression for the initial management of gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"54","author":"Goodrich ZJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goodrich ZJ, Powell LL, Hulting KJ. Assessment of two methods of gastric decompression for the initial management of gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(2):75-79. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12019"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"125","article-title":"Esophageal perforation in a dog following an acute episode of gastric dilatation with 360\u00b0 volvulus","volume":"14","author":"Streeter EM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Streeter EM, Rozanski EA, Berg J, Walker T, O\u2019Toole TE. Esophageal perforation in a dog following an acute episode of gastric dilatation with 360\u00b0 volvulus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2004;14(2):125-128. doi:10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2004.00115.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"513","article-title":"Gastric dilatation volvulus: surgical prevention","volume":"23","author":"Ellison GW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ellison GW. Gastric dilatation volvulus: surgical prevention. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23(3):513-530. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50302-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"987","article-title":"Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Monnet E","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monnet E. Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2003;33(5):987-1005. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00059-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"253","article-title":"A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs","volume":"34","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1998","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Lantz GC, Schellenberg DB, Glickman NW. A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34(3):253-259. doi:10.5326\/15473317-34-3-253"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"232","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 736 cases of canine gastric dilatation volvulus","volume":"98","author":"Song KK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song KK, Goldsmid SE, Lee J, Simpson DJ. Retrospective analysis of 736 cases of canine gastric dilatation volvulus. Aust Vet J. 2020;98(6):232-238. doi:10.1111\/avj.12942"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"189","article-title":"The effect of 360\u00b0 gastric volvulus on the blood supply of the nondistended normal dog stomach","volume":"13","author":"Lantz GC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lantz GC, Bottoms GD, Carlton WW, Newman S, Cantwell HD. The effect of 360\u00b0 gastric volvulus on the blood supply of the nondistended normal dog stomach. Vet Surg. 1984;13(3):189-196. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1984.tb00787.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"460","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992)","volume":"207","author":"Brockman DJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brockman DJ, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207(4):460-464. doi:10.2460\/javma.1995.207.04.0460"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"563","article-title":"Food engorgement in 35 dogs (2009-2013) compared with 36 dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus","volume":"181","author":"Smart L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smart L, Reese S, Hosgood G. Food engorgement in 35 dogs (2009-2013) compared with 36 dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus. Vet Rec. 2017;181(21):563. doi:10.1136\/vr.104353"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"73","article-title":"Gastric torsion in the dog\u2014I. Radiological picture during nonsurgical treatment related to the pathological anatomy and to the further clinical course","volume":"20","author":"Funkquist B","year":"1979","unstructured":"Funkquist B. Gastric torsion in the dog\u2014I. Radiological picture during nonsurgical treatment related to the pathological anatomy and to the further clinical course. J Small Anim Pract. 1979;20(2):73-91. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1979.tb05942.x"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"561","article-title":"Differentiating between food bloat and gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs","volume":"181","author":"Humm K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Humm K, Barfield D. Differentiating between food bloat and gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs. Vet Rec. 2017;181(21):561-562. doi:10.1136\/vr.j5449"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"205","article-title":"Pneumatosis in canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Fischetti AJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischetti AJ, Saunders HM, Drobatz KJ. Pneumatosis in canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2004;45(3):205-209. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04034.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"e13445","article-title":"Radiographic findings in dogs with 360 degrees gastric dilatation and volvulus","volume":"66","author":"Mur PE","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mur PE, Appleby R, Phillips KL,  Radiographic findings in dogs with 360 degrees gastric dilatation and volvulus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2025;66(1):e13445. doi:10.1111\/vru.13445"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003)","volume":"229","author":"Beck JJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beck JJ, Staatz AJ, Pelsue DH,  Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(12):1934-1939. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.12.1934"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessment of two methods of gastric decompression for the initial management of gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"54","author":"Goodrich ZJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goodrich ZJ, Powell LL, Hulting KJ. Assessment of two methods of gastric decompression for the initial management of gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(2):75-79. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12019"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"125","article-title":"Esophageal perforation in a dog following an acute episode of gastric dilatation with 360\u00b0 volvulus","volume":"14","author":"Streeter EM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Streeter EM, Rozanski EA, Berg J, Walker T, O\u2019Toole TE. Esophageal perforation in a dog following an acute episode of gastric dilatation with 360\u00b0 volvulus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2004;14(2):125-128. doi:10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2004.00115.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.06.0431.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.06.0431.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.06.0431.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:32:16Z","timestamp":1773419536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.06.0431.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.06.0431","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}