{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:10:47Z","timestamp":1768605047261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the type and distribution of carpal joint lesions causing lameness in show jumping horses and describe their 1-year performance outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>15 show jumping horses (median age, 9 years; IQR, 8 to 11 years) of 3 different breeds, mostly Selle Fran\u00e7ais, evaluated at a referral center between 2013 and 2023. The inclusion criterion was forelimb lameness localized to the carpus, confirmed by perineural or IA analgesia and\/or increased radiopharmaceutical uptake on scintigraphy. Horses with limb conformation abnormalities, a history of trauma, or extra-articular soft tissue lesions were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owner complaints included chronic lameness and poor performance. Mild to moderate dorsal carpal thickening was observed in more than half of the cases. Lameness was typically low grade (American Association of Equine Practitioners grades 1 to 2) and more pronounced when the affected limb was on the outside of the circle during lunging, with a visible reduction in the cranial phase of the stride.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 5,515 show jumping horses evaluated during the study period, 15 met the inclusion criteria. Middle carpal joint lesions were found in 12 of 15, most often affecting the third carpal bone (12 of 15) with sclerosis and\/or osteolysis. At 1 year, 12 of 15 horses had returned to competition, including all horses competing at heights &gt; 140 cm (7 of 7); 10 of 15 maintained their prediagnosis performance level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stress-related bone injuries of the carpus should be considered as a potential source of low-grade lameness and suboptimal performance in show jumping horses. Carpal bone stress lesions may not limit long-term competition outcomes in most cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.07.0443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T14:38:59Z","timestamp":1761316739000},"page":"218-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stress-related bone injuries of the carpal joints in show jumping horses rarely limit long-term performance: a retrospective study of 15 cases"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7497-326X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Micheau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des \u00c9quid\u00e9s, Goustranville, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Affections du Cheval Athl\u00e8te: Physiopathologie, Pr\u00e9vention et Prise en Charge, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9609-0690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Jacquet-Guibon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des \u00c9quid\u00e9s, Goustranville, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Affections du Cheval Athl\u00e8te: Physiopathologie, Pr\u00e9vention et Prise en Charge, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-9293","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Tallaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des \u00c9quid\u00e9s, Goustranville, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Affections du Cheval Athl\u00e8te: Physiopathologie, Pr\u00e9vention et Prise en Charge, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-3040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L\u00e9lia","family":"Bertoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des \u00c9quid\u00e9s, Goustranville, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Affections du Cheval Athl\u00e8te: Physiopathologie, Pr\u00e9vention et Prise en Charge, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-5839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Denoix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des \u00c9quid\u00e9s, Goustranville, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-6554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Virginie","family":"Coudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des \u00c9quid\u00e9s, Goustranville, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Affections du Cheval Athl\u00e8te: Physiopathologie, Pr\u00e9vention et Prise en Charge, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"12","article-title":"A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus","volume":"20","author":"Bramlage LR","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bramlage LR, Schneider RK, Gabel AA. A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus. Equine Vet J. 1988;20(6):12-18. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04642.x"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Adams and Stashak\u2019s Lameness in Horses","first-page":"597","article-title":"Lameness of the proximal limb","author":"Kawcak C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kawcak C, Hubert J, Redding WR,  Lameness of the proximal limb. In: Baxter GM, ed. Adams and Stashak\u2019s Lameness in Horses. 7th ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2020:597\u2013761."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Proceedings of the Lameness Focus Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners","first-page":"43","article-title":"Some carpal lesions in the non-racehorse","author":"Dyson S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dyson S. Some carpal lesions in the non-racehorse. In: Proceedings of the Lameness Focus Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. American Association of Equine Practitioners; 2007:43\u201352."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"N Z Vet J","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pathophysiology and diagnosis of third carpal bone disease in horses: a review","volume":"50","author":"Secombe CJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Secombe CJ, Firth EC, Perkins NR, Anderson BH. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of third carpal bone disease in horses: a review. N Z Vet J. 2002;50(1):2-8. doi:10.1080\/00480169.2002.36241"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"438","article-title":"The carpus","author":"Bubeck KA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bubeck KA, Kaneps AJ. The carpus. In: Hinchcliff KW, Kaneps AJ, Geor RJ, Van Erck-Westergren E, eds. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2024:438\u2013455."},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse","first-page":"426","article-title":"The carpus","author":"Ross MW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross MW. The carpus. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. 2nd ed. Saunders; 2011:426\u2013449."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of 50 lame horses","volume":"44","author":"Nagy A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of 50 lame horses. Equine Vet J. 2012;44(2):163-168. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00422.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"429","article-title":"Osteoarthrosis of the antebrachiocarpal joint of 7 riding horses","volume":"42","author":"Magnusson LE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magnusson LE, Ekman S. Osteoarthrosis of the antebrachiocarpal joint of 7 riding horses. Acta Vet Scand. 2001;42(4):429-434. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-42-429"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"American Association of Equine Practitioners","author":"Veterinarian\u2019s Guide to Equestrian Competition Official Duties","unstructured":"Veterinarian\u2019s Guide to Equestrian Competition Official Duties. American Association of Equine Practitioners. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/aaep.org\/resource\/veterinarians-guide-to-equestrian-competition-official-duties\/"},{"key":"ref10","author":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019\u00c9quitation Compet","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019\u00c9quitation Compet. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/ffecompet.ffe.com\/"},{"key":"ref11","author":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00c9questre Internationale","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00c9questre Internationale. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.fei.org\/"},{"key":"ref12","author":"HorseTelex Pedigree","unstructured":"HorseTelex Pedigree. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.horsetelex.com"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"197","article-title":"Contact area and pressure distribution changes of the equine third carpal bone during loading","volume":"26","author":"Palmer JL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Palmer JL, Bertone AL, Litsky AS. Contact area and pressure distribution changes of the equine third carpal bone during loading. Equine Vet J. 1994;26(3):197-202. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04369.x"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"ref14","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"33","article-title":"Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses","volume":"20","author":"Schneider RK","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, Gabel AA, Barone LM, Kantrowitz BM. Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses. Equine Vet J. 1988;20(suppl 6):33-42. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04646.x"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Veterinary Computed Tomography","first-page":"483","article-title":"Equine upper limbs (carpus, tarsus, stifle)","author":"Bergman HJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bergman HJ, Saunders J. Equine upper limbs (carpus, tarsus, stifle). In: Schwarz T, Saunders J. Veterinary Computed Tomography. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2011:483\u2013501. doi:10.1002\/9781118785676.ch46"},{"issue":"30","key":"ref16","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"274","article-title":"The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage","volume":"31","author":"Murray RC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murray RC, Whitton RC, Vedi S, Goodship AE, Lekeux P. The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage. Equine Vet J. 1999;31(30):274-278. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05234.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses","volume":"31","author":"Firth EC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Firth EC, Delahunt J, Wichtel JW, Birch HL, Goodship AE. Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J. 1999;31(2):111-115. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03802.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref18","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"561","article-title":"A systematic review of animal models of disuse-induced bone loss","volume":"108","author":"Brent MB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brent MB, Br\u00fcel A, Thomsen JS. A systematic review of animal models of disuse-induced bone loss. Calcif Tissue Int. 2021;108(5):561-575. doi:10.1007\/s00223-020-00799-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"601","article-title":"Radiologic anatomic variation of the carpus in horses with carpal lameness and control horses","volume":"51","author":"Simon V","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simon V, Dyson SJ. Radiologic anatomic variation of the carpus in horses with carpal lameness and control horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51(6):601-606. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01716.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"465","article-title":"Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of the third carpal bone of control horses and horses with carpal lameness","volume":"53","author":"Simon V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simon V, Dyson SJ. Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of the third carpal bone of control horses and horses with carpal lameness. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2012;53(4):465-473. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01915.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref21","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"595","article-title":"Where does it hurt? Problems with interpretation of regional and intra-synovial diagnostic analgesia","volume":"27","author":"Pilsworth R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pilsworth R, Dyson S. Where does it hurt? Problems with interpretation of regional and intra-synovial diagnostic analgesia. Equine Vet Educ. 2015;27(11):595-603. doi:10.1111\/eve.12392"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref22","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"612","article-title":"Regarding recent paper by Pezzanite et al. Letter","volume":"33","author":"Dyson S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dyson S, Nagy A, Murray R. Regarding recent paper by Pezzanite et al. Letter. Equine Vet Educ. 2021;33(11):612-614. doi:10.1111\/eve.13384"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"668","article-title":"Diffusion of contrast medium after four different techniques for analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region: an in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"44","author":"Nagy A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagy A, Bod\u00f3 G, Dyson SJ. Diffusion of contrast medium after four different techniques for analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region: an in vivo and in vitro study. Equine Vet J. 2012;44(6):668-673. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00564.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref24","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"441","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of sclerosis of the third carpal bone associated with exercise and the development of lameness in Standardbred racehorses","volume":"36","author":"Hopper BJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hopper BJ, Steel C, Richardson JL, Alexander GR, Robertson ID. Radiographic evaluation of sclerosis of the third carpal bone associated with exercise and the development of lameness in Standardbred racehorses. Equine Vet J. 2004;36(5):441-446. doi:10.2746\/0425164044868341"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"500","article-title":"Retrospective study of subchondral sclerosis and lucency in the third carpal bone of Standardbred trotters","volume":"31","author":"Uhlhorn H","year":"1999","unstructured":"Uhlhorn H, Carlsten J. Retrospective study of subchondral sclerosis and lucency in the third carpal bone of Standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J. 1999;31(6):500-505. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03858.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"502","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging scoring of an experimental model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in the equine carpus","volume":"57","author":"Smith AD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith AD, Morton AJ, Winter MD,  Magnetic resonance imaging scoring of an experimental model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in the equine carpus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(5):502-514. doi:10.1111\/vru.12369"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"10","article-title":"Standing magnetic resonance imaging detection of bone marrow oedema-type signal pattern associated with subcarpal pain in 8 racehorses: a prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Powell SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powell SE, Ramzan PHL, Head MJ, Shepherd MC, Baldwin GI, Steven WN. Standing magnetic resonance imaging detection of bone marrow oedema-type signal pattern associated with subcarpal pain in 8 racehorses: a prospective study. Equine Vet J. 2010;42(1):10-17. doi:10.2746\/042516409X471467"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"595","article-title":"Magnetic resonance anatomy of the proximal metacarpal region of the horse described from images acquired from low- and high-field magnets","volume":"50","author":"Nagy A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic resonance anatomy of the proximal metacarpal region of the horse described from images acquired from low- and high-field magnets. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2009;50(6):595-605. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01589.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"273","article-title":"Magnetic resonance anatomy of the carpus of the horse described from images acquired from low-field and high-field magnets","volume":"52","author":"Nagy A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic resonance anatomy of the carpus of the horse described from images acquired from low-field and high-field magnets. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52(3):273-283. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01773.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"169","article-title":"The effect of speed and gradient on hyperextension of the equine carpus","volume":"171","author":"Burn JF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burn JF, Portus B, Brockington C. The effect of speed and gradient on hyperextension of the equine carpus. Vet J. 2006;171(1):169-171. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.10.010"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"12","article-title":"A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus","volume":"20","author":"Bramlage LR","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bramlage LR, Schneider RK, Gabel AA. A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus. Equine Vet J. 1988;20(6):12-18. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04642.x"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Adams and Stashak\u2019s Lameness in Horses","first-page":"597","article-title":"Lameness of the proximal limb","author":"Kawcak C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kawcak C, Hubert J, Redding WR,  Lameness of the proximal limb. In: Baxter GM, ed. Adams and Stashak\u2019s Lameness in Horses. 7th ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2020:597\u2013761."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Proceedings of the Lameness Focus Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners","first-page":"43","article-title":"Some carpal lesions in the non-racehorse","author":"Dyson S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dyson S. Some carpal lesions in the non-racehorse. In: Proceedings of the Lameness Focus Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. American Association of Equine Practitioners; 2007:43\u201352."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"N Z Vet J","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pathophysiology and diagnosis of third carpal bone disease in horses: a review","volume":"50","author":"Secombe CJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Secombe CJ, Firth EC, Perkins NR, Anderson BH. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of third carpal bone disease in horses: a review. N Z Vet J. 2002;50(1):2-8. doi:10.1080\/00480169.2002.36241"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"438","article-title":"The carpus","author":"Bubeck KA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bubeck KA, Kaneps AJ. The carpus. In: Hinchcliff KW, Kaneps AJ, Geor RJ, Van Erck-Westergren E, eds. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2024:438\u2013455."},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse","first-page":"426","article-title":"The carpus","author":"Ross MW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross MW. The carpus. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. 2nd ed. Saunders; 2011:426\u2013449."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of 50 lame horses","volume":"44","author":"Nagy A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of 50 lame horses. Equine Vet J. 2012;44(2):163-168. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00422.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"429","article-title":"Osteoarthrosis of the antebrachiocarpal joint of 7 riding horses","volume":"42","author":"Magnusson LE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magnusson LE, Ekman S. Osteoarthrosis of the antebrachiocarpal joint of 7 riding horses. Acta Vet Scand. 2001;42(4):429-434. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-42-429"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"American Association of Equine Practitioners","author":"Veterinarian\u2019s Guide to Equestrian Competition Official Duties","unstructured":"Veterinarian\u2019s Guide to Equestrian Competition Official Duties. American Association of Equine Practitioners. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/aaep.org\/resource\/veterinarians-guide-to-equestrian-competition-official-duties\/"},{"key":"ref10","author":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019\u00c9quitation Compet","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019\u00c9quitation Compet. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/ffecompet.ffe.com\/"},{"key":"ref11","author":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00c9questre Internationale","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00c9questre Internationale. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.fei.org\/"},{"key":"ref12","author":"HorseTelex Pedigree","unstructured":"HorseTelex Pedigree. Accessed August 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.horsetelex.com"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"197","article-title":"Contact area and pressure distribution changes of the equine third carpal bone during loading","volume":"26","author":"Palmer JL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Palmer JL, Bertone AL, Litsky AS. Contact area and pressure distribution changes of the equine third carpal bone during loading. Equine Vet J. 1994;26(3):197-202. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04369.x"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"ref14","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"33","article-title":"Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses","volume":"20","author":"Schneider RK","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, Gabel AA, Barone LM, Kantrowitz BM. Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses. Equine Vet J. 1988;20(suppl 6):33-42. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04646.x"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Veterinary Computed Tomography","first-page":"483","article-title":"Equine upper limbs (carpus, tarsus, stifle)","author":"Bergman HJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bergman HJ, Saunders J. Equine upper limbs (carpus, tarsus, stifle). In: Schwarz T, Saunders J. Veterinary Computed Tomography. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2011:483\u2013501. doi:10.1002\/9781118785676.ch46"},{"issue":"30","key":"ref16","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"274","article-title":"The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage","volume":"31","author":"Murray RC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murray RC, Whitton RC, Vedi S, Goodship AE, Lekeux P. The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage. Equine Vet J. 1999;31(30):274-278. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05234.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses","volume":"31","author":"Firth EC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Firth EC, Delahunt J, Wichtel JW, Birch HL, Goodship AE. 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