{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T03:38:56Z","timestamp":1765597136986,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate a real-time ultrasound-guided technique for CSF collection from the cisterna magna in dogs, focusing on procedural feasibility, anatomical safety margins, and complication incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective experimental study involved 6 healthy adult Beagles housed in a research colony. All dogs were confirmed to be in good general health based on clinical evaluation. The study was conducted at a single veterinary teaching hospital from September 12, 2023, to March 22, 2024. CSF was collected under real-time transverse ultrasound guidance with in-plane needle advancement, and color Doppler was used before insertion and as needed to map adjacent vessels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CSF was successfully collected in all 6 dogs without visible blood contamination or neurologic complications. The mean distance from the point of dural penetration to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord was 4.7 mm (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.2 mm), whereas the shortest vertical distance between the dura mater and spinal cord was 1.5 mm (95% CI, 1.4 to 1.6 mm), indicating a favorable anatomical safety margin. All dogs recovered uneventfully from anesthesia, and no neurologic deficits were noted on follow-up examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The real-time ultrasound-guided technique enabled consistent, complication-free cisternal CSF collection in healthy dogs. Anatomical safety margins were clearly delineated sonographically, supporting the feasibility and accuracy of this approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This method enhances the safety and precision of cisternal CSF collection in dogs and may serve as a refined alternative to conventional blind puncture techniques in veterinary neurology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.07.0463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T18:33:32Z","timestamp":1758738812000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transverse-plane real-time ultrasound-guided cisternal cerebrospinal fluid collection in Beagles: enhanced safety via neurovascular mapping"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Junsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taehoon","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhoon","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwanhoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inhyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won-gyun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cowell and Tyler\u2019s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat","first-page":"210","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system cytology","author":"Levin GJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levin GJ, Cook JR. Cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system cytology. In: Valenciano AC, Cowell RL, eds. Cowell and Tyler\u2019s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2019:210-228."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small Animal Critical Care Medicine","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid sampling","author":"Sturges BK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sturges BK. Cerebrospinal fluid sampling. In: Silverstein DC, Hopper K, eds. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2015:1064-1068. doi:10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00207-5"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Pesqui Vet Bras","first-page":"e06984","article-title":"Complications after cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs with brain neoplasm","volume":"42","author":"Wrzesinski MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wrzesinski MR, Ripplinger A, Ferrarin DA,  Complications after cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs with brain neoplasm. Pesqui Vet Bras. 2022;42:e06984. doi:10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6984"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e2787","article-title":"Complications associated with cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs","volume":"193","author":"Fentem R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fentem R, Nagendran A, Marioni-Henry K,  Complications associated with cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs. Vet Rec. 2023;193(6):e2787. doi:10.1002\/vetr.2787"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e8","article-title":"Risk factors for blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs","volume":"186","author":"Nagendran A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagendran A, Sanchez-Masian D, Bersan E, Cooper CJ, Gon\u00e7alves R. Risk factors for blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs. 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Comparison of usefulness between linear probe and microconvex probe in ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(4):S297-S298. doi:10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.06.387"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Crit Ultrasound J","first-page":"A11","article-title":"Improving the \u201cglobal use\u201d of ultrasound for central venous access: a new supraclavicular scan by microconvex probe","volume":"6","author":"La Greca A","year":"2014","unstructured":"La Greca A, Biasucci DG, Emoli A, Pittiruti M. Improving the \u201cglobal use\u201d of ultrasound for central venous access: a new supraclavicular scan by microconvex probe. 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J Emerg Med. 2007;33(3):273-276. doi:10.1016\/j.jemermed.2006.12.030"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.07.0463.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.07.0463.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.07.0463.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T03:35:37Z","timestamp":1765596937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/1\/javma.25.07.0463.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.07.0463","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}