{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:16:28Z","timestamp":1773422188195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EME) and dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) and compare clinical features of the 2 groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records from 2 referral hospitals in Australia of client-owned dogs diagnosed with EME and SRMA between February 1, 2020, and April 30, 2025, were reviewed. Data collected included breed, age, sex, weight, comorbidities, physical examination findings, plasma CRP measurements, CSF analysis, hematology results, and final diagnosis for EME patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>15 dogs with EME and 35 dogs with SRMA were included in the study. Dogs diagnosed with EME had significantly lower plasma CRP values compared to dogs with SRMA. The mean CRP concentration was 7.45 mg\/L (95% CI, 5.21 to 10.66 mg\/L) for the EME group and 112.0 mg\/L (95% CI, 96.3 to 130.9 mg\/L) for the SRMA group. None of the dogs in the EME group had a significant elevation in plasma CRP of over 30 mg\/L. Dogs with EME were generally younger than those with SRMA, with lower rectal temperature and fewer comorbidities on presentation. The leukogram profiles between the 2 groups were markedly different, and peripheral eosinophilia was not a consistent finding in patients with EME.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma CRP showed good diagnostic potential for differentiating between EME and SRMA in dogs, especially when interpreted alongside demographic and other clinicopathological features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This information may assist clinicians in clinical reasoning when presented with young dogs showing similar neurological signs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.07.0478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T20:17:59Z","timestamp":1766002679000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["C-reactive protein is useful in differentiating eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in young dogs: a retrospective study (2020\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7201-3937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danlei S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Queensland Veterinary Specialists, North Lakes, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inar M.","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Queensland Veterinary Specialists, North Lakes, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Small Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Nelson RW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nelson RW, Couto CG. Small Animal Internal Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis","volume":"33","author":"Lau J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lau J, Nettifee JA, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Olby NJ, Mu\u00f1ana KR. Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(4):1719-1727. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15543"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"275","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Windsor RC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Windsor RC, Sturges BK, Vernau KM, Vernau W. Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23(2):275-281. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0276.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"422","article-title":"Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 11 dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology","volume":"59","author":"Cardy TJA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cardy TJA, Cornelis I. Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 11 dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(7):422-431. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12837"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105692","article-title":"Biomarkers of non-infectious inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs: where are we now? Part 2 \u2014 steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis","volume":"273","author":"Andersen-Ranberg E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andersen-Ranberg E, Berendt M, Gredal H. Biomarkers of non-infectious inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs: where are we now? Part 2 \u2014 steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. Vet J. 2021;273:105692. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105692"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1091318","article-title":"Signalment and C-reactive protein values in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis and steroid responsive meningitis arteritis","volume":"10","author":"Indzhova V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Indzhova V, Czopowicz M, Kilpatrick S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Brocal J. Signalment and C-reactive protein values in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis and steroid responsive meningitis arteritis. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1091318. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1091318"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"70","article-title":"Twenty two cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis in eastern Australia (2002-2005) and a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Lunn JA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lunn JA, Lee R, Smaller J,  Twenty two cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis in eastern Australia (2002-2005) and a review of the literature. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5(1):70. doi:10.1186\/1756-3305-5-70"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"194","article-title":"Review of idiopathic eosinophilic meningitis in dogs and cats, with a detailed description of two recent cases in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Williams JH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams JH, K\u00f6ster LS, Naidoo V,  Review of idiopathic eosinophilic meningitis in dogs and cats, with a detailed description of two recent cases in dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2008;79(4):194-204. doi:10.4102\/jsava.v79i4.272"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"300","article-title":"Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: what have we learned since 2010? A narrative review","author":"Wohlsein JC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wohlsein JC, Tipold A. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: what have we learned since 2010? A narrative review. Vet J. 2023;300-302:106030. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106030"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"195","article-title":"Canine neural angiostrongylosis: a case-control study in Sydney dogs","volume":"93","author":"Walker AG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker AG, Spielman D, Malik R,  Canine neural angiostrongylosis: a case-control study in Sydney dogs. Aust Vet J. 2015;93(6):195-199. doi:10.1111\/avj.12332. Published corrections appear in Aust Vet J. 2015;93(8):264. doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12357 and Aust Vet J. 2015;93(9):300. doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12370"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"43","article-title":"Acute neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation in four dogs with Angiostrongylus vasorum infections in Denmark","volume":"53","author":"Gredal H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gredal H, Willesen JL, Jensen HE,  Acute neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation in four dogs with Angiostrongylus vasorum infections in Denmark. Acta Vet Scand. 2011;53(1):43. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-53-43"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"78","article-title":"Eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis associated with neural Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a dog","volume":"48","author":"Alcoverro E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alcoverro E, Bersan E, Sanchez-Masian D, Piviani M. Eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis associated with neural Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol. 2019;48(1):78-82. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12684"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"98","article-title":"Canine angiostrongylosis: an emerging disease in Europe","volume":"20","author":"Helm JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helm JR, Morgan ER, Jackson MW, Wotton P, Bell R. Canine angiostrongylosis: an emerging disease in Europe. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2010;20(1):98-109. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00494.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"42","article-title":"First documented cases of canine neuroangiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hawaii","volume":"57","author":"Odani J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Odani J, Sox E, Coleman W, Jha R, Malik R. First documented cases of canine neuroangiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hawaii. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2021;57(1):42-46. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6989"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"167","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and clinical outcome of eight dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis","volume":"3","author":"Smith-Maxie LL","year":"1989","unstructured":"Smith-Maxie LL, Parent JP, Rand J, Wilcock BP, Norris AM. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and clinical outcome of eight dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis. J Vet Intern Med. 1989;3(3):167-174. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1989.tb03093.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep","first-page":"e000759","article-title":"Rabies-like neuronal inclusions in a dog with meningoencephalomyelitis and neuritis of unknown origin","volume":"7","author":"Hawkins IK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawkins IK, Rissi DR, Armi\u00e9n AG, Wilkes RP, Anis E. Rabies-like neuronal inclusions in a dog with meningoencephalomyelitis and neuritis of unknown origin. Vet Rec Case Rep. 2019;7(2):e000759. doi:10.1136\/vetreccr-2018-000759"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"138","article-title":"Nematode eggs observed in cytology of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic for intramedullary Spirocerca lupi spinal cord migration","volume":"47","author":"Klainbart S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klainbart S, Chai O, Vaturi R, Rapoport K, Aroch I, Shamir MH. Nematode eggs observed in cytology of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic for intramedullary Spirocerca lupi spinal cord migration. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47(1):138-141. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12560"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep","first-page":"e000905","article-title":"Canine central nervous system neosporosis: clinical, laboratory and diagnostic imaging findings in six dogs","volume":"8","author":"Didiano A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Didiano A, Monti P, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB. Canine central nervous system neosporosis: clinical, laboratory and diagnostic imaging findings in six dogs. Vet Rec Case Rep. 2020;8(1):e000905. doi:10.1136\/vetreccr-2019-000905"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"295","article-title":"Long-term treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: clinical, laboratory and therapeutic results","volume":"41","author":"Cizinauskas S","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A, Tipold A. Long-term treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: clinical, laboratory and therapeutic results. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41(7):295-301. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03205.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref20","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"630","article-title":"Signalment, clinical characteristics and outcomes of an Australian population of dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) \u2014 124 cases (2013-2023)","volume":"102","author":"Paterson R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paterson R, Brady S. Signalment, clinical characteristics and outcomes of an Australian population of dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) \u2014 124 cases (2013-2023). Aust Vet J. 2024;102(12):630-632. doi:10.1111\/avj.13371"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref21","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2888","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a diagnostic marker in dogs: a review","volume":"12","author":"Malin K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malin K, Witkowska-Pi\u0142aszewicz O. C-reactive protein as a diagnostic marker in dogs: a review. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(20):2888. doi:10.3390\/ani12202888"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis","volume":"22","author":"Bathen-Noethen A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bathen-Noethen A, Carlson R, Menzel D, Mischke R, Tipold A. Concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(5):1149-1156. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0164.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"481","article-title":"C-reactive protein concentration has limited value in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs","volume":"262","author":"Cavalerie R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cavalerie R, Santos ACD, Leonardi H,  C-reactive protein concentration has limited value in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(4):481-488. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.11.0606"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"443","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis","volume":"9","author":"Hsu WY","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hsu WY, Chen JY, Chien CT, Chi CS, Han NT. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9(6):443-445. doi:10.1097\/00006454-199006000-00016"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"116","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Switzerland","volume":"32","author":"B\u00e4rtschi E","year":"2004","unstructured":"B\u00e4rtschi E, Bordmann G, Blum J, Rothen M. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Switzerland. Infection. 2004;32(2):116-118. doi:10.1007\/s15010-004-3028-x"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Case Rep","first-page":"e941925","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of severe Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis: a case report emphasizing the need for accurate detection methods","volume":"24","author":"Luo WT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo WT, Hsu CH, Wu RCC, Chen HP. Molecular diagnosis of severe Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis: a case report emphasizing the need for accurate detection methods. Am J Case Rep. 2023;24:e941925. doi:10.12659\/AJCR.941925"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"322","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma species","volume":"48","author":"Ramirez-Avila L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramirez-Avila L, Slome S, Schuster FL,  Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma species. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(3):322-327. doi:10.1086\/595852"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis triggered by implanted Gliadel wafers: case report","volume":"126","author":"Saito K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saito K, Yamasaki K, Yokogami K,  Eosinophilic meningitis triggered by implanted Gliadel wafers: case report. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(6):1783-1787. doi:10.3171\/2016.4.JNS152771"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Int Med Res","first-page":"3000605241305437","article-title":"Idiopathic eosinophilia complicated with cryptococcal meningitis: a case report","volume":"52","author":"Liu Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Z, Lou Y, Ji Y, Zhao C, Li L. Idiopathic eosinophilia complicated with cryptococcal meningitis: a case report. J Int Med Res. 2024;52(12):3000605241305437. doi:10.1177\/03000605241305437"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Autochthonous case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, France, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen Y, Rossi B, Argy N,  Autochthonous case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, France, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):1045-1046. doi:10.3201\/eid2306.161999"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","series-title":"Anim Health Res Rev","first-page":"76","article-title":"Canine eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"15","author":"Sattasathuchana P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sattasathuchana P, Steiner JM. Canine eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. Anim Health Res Rev. 2014;15(1):76-86. doi:10.1017\/S1466252314000012"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"9","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Gommeren K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gommeren K, Desmas I, Garcia A,  Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2018;28(1):9-19. doi:10.1111\/vec.12685"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref33","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"267","article-title":"2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Creevy KE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Creevy KE, Grady J, Little SE,  2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55(6):267-290. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6999"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"83","article-title":"Development of dog immune system: from in uterus to elderly","volume":"6","author":"Pereira M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pereira M, Val\u00e9rio-Bolas A, Saraiva-Marques C, Alexandre-Pires G, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. Development of dog immune system: from in uterus to elderly. Vet Sci. 2019;6(4):83. doi:10.3390\/vetsci6040083"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"527","article-title":"Validity of C-reactive protein (CRP) for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Hisamuddin E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hisamuddin E, Hisam A, Wahid S, Raza G. Validity of C-reactive protein (CRP) for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):527-531."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"117","article-title":"A comparison of the concentrations of C-reactive protein and \u03b11-acid glycoprotein in the serum of young and adult dogs with acute inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Hayashi S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hayashi S, Jinbo T, Iguchi K,  A comparison of the concentrations of C-reactive protein and \u03b11-acid glycoprotein in the serum of young and adult dogs with acute inflammation. Vet Res Commun. 2001;25(2):117-126. doi:10.1023\/A:1006404902214"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"434","article-title":"C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in canine serum following experimentally-induced acute gastric mucosal injury","volume":"34","author":"Otabe K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Otabe K, Ito T, Sugimoto T, Yamamoto S. C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in canine serum following experimentally-induced acute gastric mucosal injury. Lab Anim. 2000;34(4):434-438. doi:10.1258\/002367700780387679"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref38","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"29","article-title":"Measurement and clinical applications of C-reactive protein in gastrointestinal diseases of dogs","volume":"50","author":"Covin MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Covin MA, Steiner JM. Measurement and clinical applications of C-reactive protein in gastrointestinal diseases of dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2022;50(suppl 1):29-36. doi:10.1111\/vcp.13100"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1019700","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a tool for monitoring response to treatment in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e4nger F","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e4nger F, Unterer S, Werner M, D\u00f6rfelt R. C-reactive protein as a tool for monitoring response to treatment in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Front Vet Sci. 2023;9:1019700. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.1019700"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis and gastrointestinal signs in dogs: a case-control study","volume":"263","author":"Oliveira AM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oliveira AM, Faller K, Madden M. Association between steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis and gastrointestinal signs in dogs: a case-control study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(9):1-6. doi:10.2460\/javma.25.02.0119"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"75","article-title":"Canine cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell counts and cytology associations with the prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities","volume":"5","author":"Hugo TB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hugo TB, Heading KL, Labuc RH. Canine cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell counts and cytology associations with the prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. Vet Med (Auckl). 2014;5:75-84. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S63805"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"684","article-title":"Spinal cord protothecosis causing paraparesis in a dog","volume":"34","author":"Asiag N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asiag N, Lapid R, Aizenberg Z,  Spinal cord protothecosis causing paraparesis in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2022;34(4):684-688. doi:10.1177\/10406387221093048"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"838","article-title":"Comparison of cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs with neurological disease","volume":"34","author":"Lampe R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lampe R, Foss KD, Vitale S, Hague DW, Barger AM. Comparison of cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs with neurological disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(2):838-843. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15700"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Small Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Nelson RW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nelson RW, Couto CG. Small Animal Internal Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis","volume":"33","author":"Lau J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lau J, Nettifee JA, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Olby NJ, Mu\u00f1ana KR. Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(4):1719-1727. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15543"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"275","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Windsor RC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Windsor RC, Sturges BK, Vernau KM, Vernau W. Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23(2):275-281. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0276.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"422","article-title":"Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 11 dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology","volume":"59","author":"Cardy TJA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cardy TJA, Cornelis I. Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 11 dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(7):422-431. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12837"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105692","article-title":"Biomarkers of non-infectious inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs: where are we now? Part 2 \u2014 steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis","volume":"273","author":"Andersen-Ranberg E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andersen-Ranberg E, Berendt M, Gredal H. Biomarkers of non-infectious inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs: where are we now? Part 2 \u2014 steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. Vet J. 2021;273:105692. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105692"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1091318","article-title":"Signalment and C-reactive protein values in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis and steroid responsive meningitis arteritis","volume":"10","author":"Indzhova V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Indzhova V, Czopowicz M, Kilpatrick S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Brocal J. Signalment and C-reactive protein values in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis and steroid responsive meningitis arteritis. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1091318. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1091318"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"70","article-title":"Twenty two cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis in eastern Australia (2002-2005) and a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Lunn JA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lunn JA, Lee R, Smaller J,  Twenty two cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis in eastern Australia (2002-2005) and a review of the literature. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5(1):70. doi:10.1186\/1756-3305-5-70"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"194","article-title":"Review of idiopathic eosinophilic meningitis in dogs and cats, with a detailed description of two recent cases in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Williams JH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams JH, K\u00f6ster LS, Naidoo V,  Review of idiopathic eosinophilic meningitis in dogs and cats, with a detailed description of two recent cases in dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2008;79(4):194-204. doi:10.4102\/jsava.v79i4.272"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"300","article-title":"Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: what have we learned since 2010? A narrative review","author":"Wohlsein JC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wohlsein JC, Tipold A. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: what have we learned since 2010? A narrative review. Vet J. 2023;300-302:106030. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106030"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"195","article-title":"Canine neural angiostrongylosis: a case-control study in Sydney dogs","volume":"93","author":"Walker AG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker AG, Spielman D, Malik R,  Canine neural angiostrongylosis: a case-control study in Sydney dogs. Aust Vet J. 2015;93(6):195-199. doi:10.1111\/avj.12332. Published corrections appear in Aust Vet J. 2015;93(8):264. doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12357 and Aust Vet J. 2015;93(9):300. doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12370"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"43","article-title":"Acute neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation in four dogs with Angiostrongylus vasorum infections in Denmark","volume":"53","author":"Gredal H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gredal H, Willesen JL, Jensen HE,  Acute neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation in four dogs with Angiostrongylus vasorum infections in Denmark. Acta Vet Scand. 2011;53(1):43. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-53-43"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"78","article-title":"Eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis associated with neural Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a dog","volume":"48","author":"Alcoverro E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alcoverro E, Bersan E, Sanchez-Masian D, Piviani M. Eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis associated with neural Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol. 2019;48(1):78-82. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12684"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"98","article-title":"Canine angiostrongylosis: an emerging disease in Europe","volume":"20","author":"Helm JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helm JR, Morgan ER, Jackson MW, Wotton P, Bell R. Canine angiostrongylosis: an emerging disease in Europe. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2010;20(1):98-109. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00494.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"42","article-title":"First documented cases of canine neuroangiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hawaii","volume":"57","author":"Odani J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Odani J, Sox E, Coleman W, Jha R, Malik R. First documented cases of canine neuroangiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hawaii. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2021;57(1):42-46. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6989"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"167","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and clinical outcome of eight dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis","volume":"3","author":"Smith-Maxie LL","year":"1989","unstructured":"Smith-Maxie LL, Parent JP, Rand J, Wilcock BP, Norris AM. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and clinical outcome of eight dogs with eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis. J Vet Intern Med. 1989;3(3):167-174. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1989.tb03093.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep","first-page":"e000759","article-title":"Rabies-like neuronal inclusions in a dog with meningoencephalomyelitis and neuritis of unknown origin","volume":"7","author":"Hawkins IK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawkins IK, Rissi DR, Armi\u00e9n AG, Wilkes RP, Anis E. Rabies-like neuronal inclusions in a dog with meningoencephalomyelitis and neuritis of unknown origin. Vet Rec Case Rep. 2019;7(2):e000759. doi:10.1136\/vetreccr-2018-000759"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"138","article-title":"Nematode eggs observed in cytology of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic for intramedullary Spirocerca lupi spinal cord migration","volume":"47","author":"Klainbart S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klainbart S, Chai O, Vaturi R, Rapoport K, Aroch I, Shamir MH. Nematode eggs observed in cytology of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic for intramedullary Spirocerca lupi spinal cord migration. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47(1):138-141. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12560"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep","first-page":"e000905","article-title":"Canine central nervous system neosporosis: clinical, laboratory and diagnostic imaging findings in six dogs","volume":"8","author":"Didiano A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Didiano A, Monti P, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB. Canine central nervous system neosporosis: clinical, laboratory and diagnostic imaging findings in six dogs. Vet Rec Case Rep. 2020;8(1):e000905. doi:10.1136\/vetreccr-2019-000905"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"295","article-title":"Long-term treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: clinical, laboratory and therapeutic results","volume":"41","author":"Cizinauskas S","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A, Tipold A. Long-term treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: clinical, laboratory and therapeutic results. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41(7):295-301. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03205.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref20","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"630","article-title":"Signalment, clinical characteristics and outcomes of an Australian population of dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) \u2014 124 cases (2013-2023)","volume":"102","author":"Paterson R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paterson R, Brady S. Signalment, clinical characteristics and outcomes of an Australian population of dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) \u2014 124 cases (2013-2023). Aust Vet J. 2024;102(12):630-632. doi:10.1111\/avj.13371"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref21","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2888","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a diagnostic marker in dogs: a review","volume":"12","author":"Malin K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malin K, Witkowska-Pi\u0142aszewicz O. C-reactive protein as a diagnostic marker in dogs: a review. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(20):2888. doi:10.3390\/ani12202888"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis","volume":"22","author":"Bathen-Noethen A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bathen-Noethen A, Carlson R, Menzel D, Mischke R, Tipold A. Concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(5):1149-1156. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0164.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"481","article-title":"C-reactive protein concentration has limited value in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs","volume":"262","author":"Cavalerie R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cavalerie R, Santos ACD, Leonardi H,  C-reactive protein concentration has limited value in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(4):481-488. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.11.0606"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"443","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis","volume":"9","author":"Hsu WY","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hsu WY, Chen JY, Chien CT, Chi CS, Han NT. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9(6):443-445. doi:10.1097\/00006454-199006000-00016"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"116","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Switzerland","volume":"32","author":"B\u00e4rtschi E","year":"2004","unstructured":"B\u00e4rtschi E, Bordmann G, Blum J, Rothen M. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Switzerland. Infection. 2004;32(2):116-118. doi:10.1007\/s15010-004-3028-x"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Case Rep","first-page":"e941925","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of severe Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis: a case report emphasizing the need for accurate detection methods","volume":"24","author":"Luo WT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo WT, Hsu CH, Wu RCC, Chen HP. Molecular diagnosis of severe Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis: a case report emphasizing the need for accurate detection methods. Am J Case Rep. 2023;24:e941925. doi:10.12659\/AJCR.941925"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"322","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma species","volume":"48","author":"Ramirez-Avila L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramirez-Avila L, Slome S, Schuster FL,  Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma species. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(3):322-327. doi:10.1086\/595852"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis triggered by implanted Gliadel wafers: case report","volume":"126","author":"Saito K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saito K, Yamasaki K, Yokogami K,  Eosinophilic meningitis triggered by implanted Gliadel wafers: case report. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(6):1783-1787. doi:10.3171\/2016.4.JNS152771"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Int Med Res","first-page":"3000605241305437","article-title":"Idiopathic eosinophilia complicated with cryptococcal meningitis: a case report","volume":"52","author":"Liu Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Z, Lou Y, Ji Y, Zhao C, Li L. Idiopathic eosinophilia complicated with cryptococcal meningitis: a case report. J Int Med Res. 2024;52(12):3000605241305437. doi:10.1177\/03000605241305437"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Autochthonous case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, France, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen Y, Rossi B, Argy N,  Autochthonous case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, France, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):1045-1046. doi:10.3201\/eid2306.161999"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","series-title":"Anim Health Res Rev","first-page":"76","article-title":"Canine eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"15","author":"Sattasathuchana P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sattasathuchana P, Steiner JM. Canine eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. Anim Health Res Rev. 2014;15(1):76-86. doi:10.1017\/S1466252314000012"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"9","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Gommeren K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gommeren K, Desmas I, Garcia A,  Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2018;28(1):9-19. doi:10.1111\/vec.12685"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref33","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"267","article-title":"2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Creevy KE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Creevy KE, Grady J, Little SE,  2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55(6):267-290. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6999"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"83","article-title":"Development of dog immune system: from in uterus to elderly","volume":"6","author":"Pereira M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pereira M, Val\u00e9rio-Bolas A, Saraiva-Marques C, Alexandre-Pires G, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. Development of dog immune system: from in uterus to elderly. Vet Sci. 2019;6(4):83. doi:10.3390\/vetsci6040083"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"527","article-title":"Validity of C-reactive protein (CRP) for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Hisamuddin E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hisamuddin E, Hisam A, Wahid S, Raza G. Validity of C-reactive protein (CRP) for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):527-531."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"117","article-title":"A comparison of the concentrations of C-reactive protein and \u03b11-acid glycoprotein in the serum of young and adult dogs with acute inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Hayashi S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hayashi S, Jinbo T, Iguchi K,  A comparison of the concentrations of C-reactive protein and \u03b11-acid glycoprotein in the serum of young and adult dogs with acute inflammation. Vet Res Commun. 2001;25(2):117-126. doi:10.1023\/A:1006404902214"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"434","article-title":"C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in canine serum following experimentally-induced acute gastric mucosal injury","volume":"34","author":"Otabe K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Otabe K, Ito T, Sugimoto T, Yamamoto S. C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in canine serum following experimentally-induced acute gastric mucosal injury. Lab Anim. 2000;34(4):434-438. doi:10.1258\/002367700780387679"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref38","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"29","article-title":"Measurement and clinical applications of C-reactive protein in gastrointestinal diseases of dogs","volume":"50","author":"Covin MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Covin MA, Steiner JM. Measurement and clinical applications of C-reactive protein in gastrointestinal diseases of dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2022;50(suppl 1):29-36. doi:10.1111\/vcp.13100"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1019700","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a tool for monitoring response to treatment in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e4nger F","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e4nger F, Unterer S, Werner M, D\u00f6rfelt R. C-reactive protein as a tool for monitoring response to treatment in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Front Vet Sci. 2023;9:1019700. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.1019700"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis and gastrointestinal signs in dogs: a case-control study","volume":"263","author":"Oliveira AM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oliveira AM, Faller K, Madden M. Association between steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis and gastrointestinal signs in dogs: a case-control study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(9):1-6. doi:10.2460\/javma.25.02.0119"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"75","article-title":"Canine cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell counts and cytology associations with the prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities","volume":"5","author":"Hugo TB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hugo TB, Heading KL, Labuc RH. Canine cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell counts and cytology associations with the prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. Vet Med (Auckl). 2014;5:75-84. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S63805"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"684","article-title":"Spinal cord protothecosis causing paraparesis in a dog","volume":"34","author":"Asiag N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asiag N, Lapid R, Aizenberg Z,  Spinal cord protothecosis causing paraparesis in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2022;34(4):684-688. doi:10.1177\/10406387221093048"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"838","article-title":"Comparison of cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs with neurological disease","volume":"34","author":"Lampe R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lampe R, Foss KD, Vitale S, Hague DW, Barger AM. Comparison of cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs with neurological disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(2):838-843. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15700"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.07.0478.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.07.0478.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.07.0478.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:32:27Z","timestamp":1773419547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.07.0478.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.07.0478","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}