{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:24:29Z","timestamp":1776439469735,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the time until reliable echocardiography in healthy dogs by evaluating differences in measured echocardiographic variables in dogs before sedation, during sedation with dexmedetomidine, and after reversal with atipamezole.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>13 dogs were prospectively enrolled. Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements on left atrial and ventricular dimensions and ventricular systolic function were obtained at each time point. Dogs underwent IV sedation with 10 \u00b5g\/kg of dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg\/kg of butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine was reversed with atipamezole IM. Echocardiography was performed before sedation, during sedation, and 30 to 60 minutes, 2 hours, and 6 hours after reversal. Data were analyzed with a Bayesian multivariate hierarchical model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were effects of sedation on the mean values of all echocardiographic variables. These effects varied among dogs, with most dogs expected to remain within normal reference ranges during and after sedation for all variables except ejection fraction and fractional shortening. The effects of sedation on ejection fraction and fractional shortening were widespread and persistent, such that 88% and 79% of dogs, respectively, were expected to measure outside the normal ranges during sedation. After reversal with atipamezole, this proportion declined, with approximately 9% of dogs estimated outside the normal reference ranges after 6 hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effects of dexmedetomidine on echocardiographic measurements were detected 6 hours after reversal with atipamezole. Accurate cardiac assessment in dogs sedated with this drug is not likely to be possible on the same day as sedation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs sedated with this protocol and that have echocardiography performed within 6 hours following reversal should have results interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.07.0489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:55:37Z","timestamp":1764176137000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Same-day echocardiography in dogs sedated with intravenous dexmedetomidine followed by reversal with intramuscular atipamezole"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1517-005X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamara J.","family":"Elsmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keaton","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fluen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devon","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam N. H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Through Science Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1135124","article-title":"Multiple uses of dexmedetomidine in small animals: a mini review","volume":"10","author":"Di Franco C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Franco C, Evangelista F, Briganti A. Multiple uses of dexmedetomidine in small animals: a mini review. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1135124. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1135124"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"117","article-title":"Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Murrell JC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Murrell JC, Hellebrekers LJ. Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2005;32(3):117-127. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"282","article-title":"Sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in healthy dogs","volume":"17","author":"Kellihan HB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kellihan HB, Stepien RL, Hassen KM, Smith LJ. Sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(4):282-292. doi:10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.08.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on cardiac characteristics measured using radiography and echocardiography in six healthy dogs","volume":"57","author":"Wang HC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang HC, Hung CT, Lee WM, Chang KM, Chen KS. Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on cardiac characteristics measured using radiography and echocardiography in six healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(1):8-15. doi:10.1111\/vru.12305"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1160","article-title":"The effect of dexmedetomidine on nutrient organ blood flow","volume":"83","author":"Lawrence CJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lawrence CJ, Prinzen FW, de Lange S. The effect of dexmedetomidine on nutrient organ blood flow. Anesth Analg. 1996;83(6):1160-1165. doi:10.1213\/00000539-199612000-00005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Pathophysiology of heart failure","author":"Scollan KF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scollan KF. Pathophysiology of heart failure. In: Ettinger SJ, ed. Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2024:1263\u20131273."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine and its reversal with atipamezole on echocardiographic measurements and circulating cardiac biomarker concentrations in normal cats","volume":"260","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 E","year":"2022","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 E, Zwicker LA, Anderson EL, Stryhn H, Yu J, Andersen E. Effects of dexmedetomidine and its reversal with atipamezole on echocardiographic measurements and circulating cardiac biomarker concentrations in normal cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(8):1-9. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.06.0299"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: a prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability","volume":"33","author":"Visser LC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Visser LC, Ciccozzi MM, Sintov DJ, Sharpe AN. Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: a prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(5):1909-1920. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15562"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"568","article-title":"Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement","volume":"43","author":"Hansson K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hansson K, H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m J, Kvart C, Lord P. Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2002;43(6):568-575. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01051.x"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4.4.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024. 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J Stat Softw. 2024;111(9). doi:10.18637\/jss.v111.i09"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Package insert","author":"Dexdomitor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dexdomitor. Package insert. Zoetis; 2022. Accessed November 26, 2024. https:\/\/www.zoetisus.com\/content\/_assets\/docs\/vmips\/package-inserts\/dexdomitor-0.5-prescribing-information.pdf"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones","first-page":"11","article-title":"Anesthetic risk and informed consent","author":"Brodbelt DC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brodbelt DC, Flaherty D, Pettifer GR. Anesthetic risk and informed consent. In: Grimm KA, ed. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. Wiley Blackwell; 2015:11\u201322."},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Bonagura JD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonagura JD, Visser LC. Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol. 2022;40:15-50. doi:10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.08.004"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1135124","article-title":"Multiple uses of dexmedetomidine in small animals: a mini review","volume":"10","author":"Di Franco C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Franco C, Evangelista F, Briganti A. Multiple uses of dexmedetomidine in small animals: a mini review. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1135124. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1135124"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"117","article-title":"Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Murrell JC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Murrell JC, Hellebrekers LJ. Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2005;32(3):117-127. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"282","article-title":"Sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in healthy dogs","volume":"17","author":"Kellihan HB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kellihan HB, Stepien RL, Hassen KM, Smith LJ. Sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(4):282-292. doi:10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.08.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on cardiac characteristics measured using radiography and echocardiography in six healthy dogs","volume":"57","author":"Wang HC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang HC, Hung CT, Lee WM, Chang KM, Chen KS. Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on cardiac characteristics measured using radiography and echocardiography in six healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(1):8-15. doi:10.1111\/vru.12305"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1160","article-title":"The effect of dexmedetomidine on nutrient organ blood flow","volume":"83","author":"Lawrence CJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lawrence CJ, Prinzen FW, de Lange S. The effect of dexmedetomidine on nutrient organ blood flow. Anesth Analg. 1996;83(6):1160-1165. doi:10.1213\/00000539-199612000-00005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Pathophysiology of heart failure","author":"Scollan KF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scollan KF. Pathophysiology of heart failure. In: Ettinger SJ, ed. Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2024:1263\u20131273."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine and its reversal with atipamezole on echocardiographic measurements and circulating cardiac biomarker concentrations in normal cats","volume":"260","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 E","year":"2022","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 E, Zwicker LA, Anderson EL, Stryhn H, Yu J, Andersen E. Effects of dexmedetomidine and its reversal with atipamezole on echocardiographic measurements and circulating cardiac biomarker concentrations in normal cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(8):1-9. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.06.0299"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: a prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability","volume":"33","author":"Visser LC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Visser LC, Ciccozzi MM, Sintov DJ, Sharpe AN. Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: a prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(5):1909-1920. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15562"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"568","article-title":"Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement","volume":"43","author":"Hansson K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hansson K, H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m J, Kvart C, Lord P. Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2002;43(6):568-575. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01051.x"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4.4.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024. Accessed October 3, 2024. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R","year":"2024","unstructured":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Version 2024.09.0. RStudio PBC; 2024. Accessed October 3, 2024. https:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Stat Softw","article-title":"Brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner PC","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner PC. Brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using stan. J Stat Softw. 2017;80(1). doi:10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Stat Softw","article-title":"How to interpret statistical models using marginaleffects in R and Python","volume":"111","author":"Arel-Brundock V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arel-Brundock V, Greifer N, Heiss A. How to interpret statistical models using marginaleffects in R and Python. J Stat Softw. 2024;111(9). doi:10.18637\/jss.v111.i09"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Package insert","author":"Dexdomitor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dexdomitor. Package insert. Zoetis; 2022. Accessed November 26, 2024. https:\/\/www.zoetisus.com\/content\/_assets\/docs\/vmips\/package-inserts\/dexdomitor-0.5-prescribing-information.pdf"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones","first-page":"11","article-title":"Anesthetic risk and informed consent","author":"Brodbelt DC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brodbelt DC, Flaherty D, Pettifer GR. Anesthetic risk and informed consent. In: Grimm KA, ed. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. Wiley Blackwell; 2015:11\u201322."},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Bonagura JD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonagura JD, Visser LC. Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol. 2022;40:15-50. doi:10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.08.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/5\/javma.25.07.0489.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/5\/javma.25.07.0489.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/5\/javma.25.07.0489.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:33:30Z","timestamp":1776436410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/5\/javma.25.07.0489.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.07.0489","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}