{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:34:22Z","timestamp":1771014862105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe the associations between Faffa Malan Chart (FAMACHA) score, fecal strongyle eggs per gram (EPG), Hct, total protein (TP), and body condition score (BCS) in small ruminants in New York State.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Pastured animals not given anthelmintics within 4 weeks were enrolled. From June 1 to August 11, 2021 (period A), 137 goats and 110 sheep on 20 farms with a FAMACHA score of 3 to 5 were enrolled. From July 6 to October 19, 2022 (period B), 79 goats and 72 sheep on 18 farms with FAMACHA scores of 1 to 5 were enrolled. Associations between FAMACHA score, strongyle EPG, Hct, TP, and BCS were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n FAMACHA scores were not associated with strongyle EPG in goats or sheep in either period. Increasing FAMACHA score was associated with lower Hct for goats in both periods and for sheep in period B, but not period A. Strongyle EPG was not associated with BCS in goats or sheep in either period. Increasing strongyle EPG was associated with declining Hct in both species and periods and with declining TP in both species in period A and in goats in period B.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n We found no association between FAMACHA score and strongyle EPG. Further epidemiologic study of gastrointestinal nematodes is necessary to determine the best criteria for employing selective anthelmintic treatment in similar populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Veterinarians should consider using multiple parameters to estimate parasitic burden in addition to FAMACHA when deciding to administer anthelmintics to small ruminants in New York State.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.07.0510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:29:50Z","timestamp":1764952190000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Faffa Malan Chart score is a poor single indicator for gastrointestinal parasitic burden of small ruminants in New York State"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Louge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manigandan","family":"Lejeune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"McArt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Livestock (Lond)","first-page":"305","article-title":"Health planning for goats","volume":"24","author":"Gascoigne E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gascoigne E, Dustan B. Health planning for goats. Livestock (Lond). 2019;24(6):305-310. doi:10.12968\/live.2019.24.6.305"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"73","article-title":"Biology, epidemiology, and control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants","volume":"36","author":"Zajac AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zajac AM, Garza J. Biology, epidemiology, and control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2020;36(1):73-87. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Small Rumin Res","first-page":"89","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods","volume":"143","author":"Crook EK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crook EK, O\u2019Brien DJ, Howell SB, Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods. Small Rumin Res. 2016;143:89-96. doi:10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.09.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"435","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants","volume":"20","author":"Fleming SA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fleming SA, Craig T, Kaplan RM, Miller JE, Navarre C, Rings M. Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20(2):435-444. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02881.x"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Impact of integrated gastrointestinal nematode management training for U.S. goat and sheep producers","volume":"200","author":"Whitley NC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitley NC, Oh SH, Lee SJ, Impact of integrated gastrointestinal nematode management training for U.S. goat and sheep producers. Vet Parasitol. 2014;200(3-4):271-275. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.029"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Improving small ruminant parasite control in New England","author":"Zajac AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zajac AM, Petersson K, Burdett H. Improving small ruminant parasite control in New England. USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. October 2014. Accessed February 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.wormx.info\/_files\/ugd\/6ef604_a03db012b88e4bceb8c701accefc9a0b.pdf"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"105","article-title":"Validation of the FAMACHA eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States","volume":"123","author":"Kaplan RM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Burke JM, Terrill TH, Validation of the FAMACHA eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States. Vet Parasitol. 2004;123(1-2):105-120. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.06.005"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Dairy goat body condition scoring","author":"Carlson J","unstructured":"Carlson J. Dairy goat body condition scoring. American Dairy Goat Association. Accessed February 26, 2021. https:\/\/adga.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/adga-dairy-goat-body-condition-scoring.pdf"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Condition Scoring of Sheep","author":"Davies K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davies K. Condition Scoring of Sheep. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia; 2024. No. DPIRD-16. Accessed October 7, 2024. https:\/\/www.agric.wa.gov.au\/management-reproduction\/condition-scoring-sheep"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Georgis\u2019 Parasitology for Veterinarians","first-page":"349","article-title":"Diagnostic parasitology","author":"Lucio-Forster A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lucio-Forster A, Lejeune M. Diagnostic parasitology. In: Bowman DD, ed. Georgis\u2019 Parasitology for Veterinarians. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021:349\u2013454."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"71","article-title":"The accuracy of the FAMACHA-method in detecting anaemia and haemonchosis in goat flocks in Switzerland under field conditions","volume":"170","author":"Scheuerle M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scheuerle M, Mahling M, Muntwyler J, Pfister K. The accuracy of the FAMACHA-method in detecting anaemia and haemonchosis in goat flocks in Switzerland under field conditions. Vet Parasitol. 2010;170(1-2):71-77. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.035"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"100030","article-title":"Potentials of using milk performance data and FAMACHA score as indicators for targeted selective treatment in Lacaune dairy sheep in Switzerland","volume":"277","author":"Schwarz K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwarz K, Bapst B, Holinger M, Th\u00fcer S, Schleip I, Werne S. 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Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2020;36(1):89-107. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.11.007"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"109936","article-title":"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine","volume":"318","author":"Kaplan RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Denwood MJ, Nielsen MK, World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine. Vet Parasitol. 2023;318:109936. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Evaluation of fecal egg count tests for effective control of equine intestinal strongyles","volume":"12","author":"Lejeune M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lejeune M, Mann S, White H, Evaluation of fecal egg count tests for effective control of equine intestinal strongyles. Pathogens. 2023;12(11):1283. doi:10.3390\/pathogens12111283"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Livestock (Lond)","first-page":"305","article-title":"Health planning for goats","volume":"24","author":"Gascoigne E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gascoigne E, Dustan B. Health planning for goats. Livestock (Lond). 2019;24(6):305-310. doi:10.12968\/live.2019.24.6.305"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"73","article-title":"Biology, epidemiology, and control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants","volume":"36","author":"Zajac AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zajac AM, Garza J. Biology, epidemiology, and control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2020;36(1):73-87. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Small Rumin Res","first-page":"89","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods","volume":"143","author":"Crook EK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crook EK, O\u2019Brien DJ, Howell SB, Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods. Small Rumin Res. 2016;143:89-96. doi:10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.09.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"435","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants","volume":"20","author":"Fleming SA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fleming SA, Craig T, Kaplan RM, Miller JE, Navarre C, Rings M. Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20(2):435-444. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02881.x"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Impact of integrated gastrointestinal nematode management training for U.S. goat and sheep producers","volume":"200","author":"Whitley NC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitley NC, Oh SH, Lee SJ, Impact of integrated gastrointestinal nematode management training for U.S. goat and sheep producers. Vet Parasitol. 2014;200(3-4):271-275. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.029"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Improving small ruminant parasite control in New England","author":"Zajac AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zajac AM, Petersson K, Burdett H. Improving small ruminant parasite control in New England. USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. October 2014. Accessed February 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.wormx.info\/_files\/ugd\/6ef604_a03db012b88e4bceb8c701accefc9a0b.pdf"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"105","article-title":"Validation of the FAMACHA eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States","volume":"123","author":"Kaplan RM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Burke JM, Terrill TH, Validation of the FAMACHA eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States. Vet Parasitol. 2004;123(1-2):105-120. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.06.005"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Dairy goat body condition scoring","author":"Carlson J","unstructured":"Carlson J. Dairy goat body condition scoring. American Dairy Goat Association. Accessed February 26, 2021. https:\/\/adga.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/adga-dairy-goat-body-condition-scoring.pdf"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Condition Scoring of Sheep","author":"Davies K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davies K. Condition Scoring of Sheep. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia; 2024. No. DPIRD-16. Accessed October 7, 2024. https:\/\/www.agric.wa.gov.au\/management-reproduction\/condition-scoring-sheep"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Georgis\u2019 Parasitology for Veterinarians","first-page":"349","article-title":"Diagnostic parasitology","author":"Lucio-Forster A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lucio-Forster A, Lejeune M. Diagnostic parasitology. In: Bowman DD, ed. Georgis\u2019 Parasitology for Veterinarians. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021:349\u2013454."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"71","article-title":"The accuracy of the FAMACHA-method in detecting anaemia and haemonchosis in goat flocks in Switzerland under field conditions","volume":"170","author":"Scheuerle M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scheuerle M, Mahling M, Muntwyler J, Pfister K. The accuracy of the FAMACHA-method in detecting anaemia and haemonchosis in goat flocks in Switzerland under field conditions. Vet Parasitol. 2010;170(1-2):71-77. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.035"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"100030","article-title":"Potentials of using milk performance data and FAMACHA score as indicators for targeted selective treatment in Lacaune dairy sheep in Switzerland","volume":"277","author":"Schwarz K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwarz K, Bapst B, Holinger M, Th\u00fcer S, Schleip I, Werne S. Potentials of using milk performance data and FAMACHA score as indicators for targeted selective treatment in Lacaune dairy sheep in Switzerland. Vet Parasitol. 2020;277(suppl):100030. doi:10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100030"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Small Rumin Res","first-page":"6","article-title":"The Five Point Check for targeted selective treatment of internal parasites in small ruminants","volume":"86","author":"Bath GF","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bath GF, van Wyk JA. The Five Point Check for targeted selective treatment of internal parasites in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res. 2009;86(1-3):6-13. doi:10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2009.09.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"89","article-title":"Sustainable approaches to parasite control in ruminant livestock","volume":"36","author":"Burke JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burke JM, Miller JE. Sustainable approaches to parasite control in ruminant livestock. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2020;36(1):89-107. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.11.007"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"109936","article-title":"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine","volume":"318","author":"Kaplan RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Denwood MJ, Nielsen MK, World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine. Vet Parasitol. 2023;318:109936. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Evaluation of fecal egg count tests for effective control of equine intestinal strongyles","volume":"12","author":"Lejeune M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lejeune M, Mann S, White H, Evaluation of fecal egg count tests for effective control of equine intestinal strongyles. 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