{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:15:57Z","timestamp":1787379357641,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency of comorbidities in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in first-opinion practice is unknown. It is hypothesized that horses with PPID would have more frequent medical events and be euthanized at a younger age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a case-control retrospective study. Medical records ranging from 1996 to 2024 including 132 horses diagnosed with PPID and 274 controls matched by age and breed were reviewed. Variables associated with PPID were evaluated with a Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test followed by conditional logistic regression. Results were reported as median (IQR) and percentage of total.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses diagnosed with PPID were not euthanized at a younger age (median of 26 years [IQR, 22 to 31 years] vs median of 24 years [IQR, 21 to 29 years]). Factors independently associated with a diagnosis of PPID were poor healing, dental issues (including missing tooth or diagnosis of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis), hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis, and being prescribed NSAIDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of NSAIDs and occurrence of poor healing, hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis, and dental issues were independently associated with a diagnosis of PPID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses diagnosed with PPID did not have shorter life expectancies but experienced more medical events during their lifetime compared to horses not diagnosed with PPID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.08.0533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T20:18:05Z","timestamp":1766002685000},"page":"319-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Horses diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction do not have shorter life expectancies but experience more medical events during their lifetime"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5731-8996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma","family":"Stapley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gillespie-Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Waxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Farr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-8431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors","volume":"235","author":"Ireland JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ireland JL, McGowan CM. 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Characterization and comparison of fecal microbiota in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and age-matched controls. J Vet Intern Med. 2025;39(1):e17288. doi:10.1111\/jvim.17288"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"368","article-title":"Lumbar vertebral bone density is decreased in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Colbath AC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Colbath AC, Fortin JS, Burglass CM,  Lumbar vertebral bone density is decreased in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J. 2024;56(2):368-376. doi:10.1111\/evj.14039"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan TW","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM. 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J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;236(3):330-334. doi:10.2460\/javma.236.3.330"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"440","article-title":"Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Horn R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horn R, Bamford NJ, Afonso T,  Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(4):440-445. doi:10.1111\/evj.13041"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on corneal sensitivity in horses","volume":"74","author":"Miller C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller C, Utter ML, Beech J. Evaluation of the effects of age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on corneal sensitivity in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2013;74(7):1030-1035. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1030"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"226","article-title":"Biochemical indices of vascular function, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in horses with equine Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Keen JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keen JA, McLaren M, Chandler KJ, McGorum BC. Biochemical indices of vascular function, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in horses with equine Cushing\u2019s disease. 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