{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:16:16Z","timestamp":1773422176814,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the causes and short-term outcomes of unplanned recurrent exploratory celiotomies in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records from a tertiary veterinary teaching hospital (June 2014 to June 2024) were reviewed. Dogs were included if they underwent 2 exploratory celiotomies within 14 days, the second being unplanned. Data included signalment, comorbidities, surgical indications, complications, and survival to discharge. Cases were categorized by type of initial surgery and indication for secondary surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 50 dogs, 58% had an initial gastrointestinal (GI) surgery and 42% had an initial non-GI surgery. Leading indications for a second surgery included septic peritonitis (50%; 95% CI, 35.5% to 64.5%), incisional complications (18%; 95% CI, 8.6% to 31.4%), and hemorrhage (14%; 95% CI, 5.8% to 26.7%). Septic peritonitis was significantly more common following initial GI surgery, while hemorrhage and miscellaneous causes were more prevalent following non-GI surgery. Survival to hospital discharge was 66% (95% CI, 51.2% to 78.8%) and did not differ significantly by initial surgery type. Hemorrhage was the leading cause of death, accounting for 71.4% (95% CI, 29.0% to 96.3%) of all deaths, with significantly higher mortality than all other causes combined. After adjusting for initial surgery type, hemorrhage remained associated with decrease survival (adjusted OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.73).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Septic peritonitis was the leading surgical complication following GI surgery; hemorrhage and miscellaneous complications were more prevalent following non-GI surgeries. Hemorrhagic complications were linked to a lower survival to hospital discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings supported condition-specific prognostication to guide clinical decision-making and client communication in dogs undergoing unplanned repeat celiotomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.08.0543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T15:50:02Z","timestamp":1766591402000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hemorrhage is associated with decreased prognosis compared to all other indications for unplanned recurrent celiotomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9119-1755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha H.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Rozanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Talaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-5208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noa","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003)","volume":"229","author":"Beck JJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beck JJ, Staatz AJ, Pelsue DH,  Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(12):1934-1939. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.12.1934"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"486","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs","volume":"238","author":"Grimes JA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grimes JA, Schmiedt CW, Cornell KK, Radlinksy MA. Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238(4):486-494. doi:10.2460\/javma.238.4.486"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Perioperative outcome in dogs with hemoperitoneum: 83 cases (2005-2010)","volume":"242","author":"Lux CN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lux CN, Culp WT, Mayhew PD, Tong K, Rebhun RB, Kass PH. Perioperative outcome in dogs with hemoperitoneum: 83 cases (2005-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(10):1385-1391. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.10.1385"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"695","article-title":"Intestinal incisional dehiscence rate following enterotomy for foreign body removal in 247 dogs","volume":"255","author":"Strelchik A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strelchik A, Coleman MC, Scharf VF, Stoneburner RM, Thieman Mankin KM. Intestinal incisional dehiscence rate following enterotomy for foreign body removal in 247 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;255(6):695-699. doi:10.2460\/javma.255.6.695"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"Veterinaria","first-page":"125","article-title":"Eksplorativna laparotomija pasa i ma\u010daka","volume":"70","author":"\u0106oso A","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0106oso A, Tabakovi\u0107 K. Eksplorativna laparotomija pasa i ma\u010daka. Veterinaria. 2021;70(1):125-139."},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"100304","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of outcomes in septic peritonitis with or without closed-suction abdominal drainage in 115 dogs (2009-2019)","volume":"21","author":"Zorn CM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zorn CM, Walton RAL, McKeen L, Mochel JP, Ward M, Blong AE. Retrospective comparison of outcomes in septic peritonitis with or without closed-suction abdominal drainage in 115 dogs (2009-2019). Vet Anim Sci. 2023;21:100304. doi:10.1016\/j.vas.2023.100304"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"40","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and management of hemoperitoneum in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Herold LV","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herold LV, Devey JJ, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Clinical evaluation and management of hemoperitoneum in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2008;18(1):40-53. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2007.00265.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"70","article-title":"Prevalence of small intestinal dehiscence and associated clinical factors: a retrospective study of 121 dogs","volume":"28","author":"Allen DA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Allen DA, Smeak DD, Schertel ER. Prevalence of small intestinal dehiscence and associated clinical factors: a retrospective study of 121 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1992;28(1):70-76."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"843","article-title":"Closed suction drainage for treatment of septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin in 20 dogs","volume":"43","author":"Adams RJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adams RJ, Doyle RS, Bray JP, Burton CA. Closed suction drainage for treatment of septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin in 20 dogs. Vet Surg. 2014;43(7):843-851. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12258.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"518","article-title":"Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987-2001)","volume":"39","author":"Pintar J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pintar J, Breitschwerdt EB, Hardie EM, Spaulding KA. Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987-2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003;39(6):518-522. doi:10.5326\/0390518"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Complications in Small Animal Surgery","first-page":"72","article-title":"Hemorrhage","author":"Ladlow J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ladlow J. Hemorrhage. In: Griffon D, Hamaide A, eds. Complications in Small Animal Surgery. John Wiley & Sons; 2016:72\u201378."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"657","article-title":"A practical approach to hemoperitoneum in the dog and cat","volume":"30","author":"Brockman DJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brockman DJ, Mongil CM, Aronson LR, Brown DC. A practical approach to hemoperitoneum in the dog and cat. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000;30(3):657-668. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(00)50044-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"281","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000-2011): 41 cases","volume":"26","author":"Barfield DM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barfield DM, Tivers MS, Holahan M, Welch K, House A, Adamantos SE. Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000-2011): 41 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016;26(2):281-287. doi:10.1111\/vec.12413"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003)","volume":"229","author":"Beck JJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beck JJ, Staatz AJ, Pelsue DH,  Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(12):1934-1939. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.12.1934"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"486","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs","volume":"238","author":"Grimes JA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grimes JA, Schmiedt CW, Cornell KK, Radlinksy MA. Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238(4):486-494. doi:10.2460\/javma.238.4.486"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Perioperative outcome in dogs with hemoperitoneum: 83 cases (2005-2010)","volume":"242","author":"Lux CN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lux CN, Culp WT, Mayhew PD, Tong K, Rebhun RB, Kass PH. Perioperative outcome in dogs with hemoperitoneum: 83 cases (2005-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(10):1385-1391. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.10.1385"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"695","article-title":"Intestinal incisional dehiscence rate following enterotomy for foreign body removal in 247 dogs","volume":"255","author":"Strelchik A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strelchik A, Coleman MC, Scharf VF, Stoneburner RM, Thieman Mankin KM. Intestinal incisional dehiscence rate following enterotomy for foreign body removal in 247 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;255(6):695-699. doi:10.2460\/javma.255.6.695"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"Veterinaria","first-page":"125","article-title":"Eksplorativna laparotomija pasa i ma\u010daka","volume":"70","author":"\u0106oso A","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0106oso A, Tabakovi\u0107 K. Eksplorativna laparotomija pasa i ma\u010daka. Veterinaria. 2021;70(1):125-139."},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"100304","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of outcomes in septic peritonitis with or without closed-suction abdominal drainage in 115 dogs (2009-2019)","volume":"21","author":"Zorn CM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zorn CM, Walton RAL, McKeen L, Mochel JP, Ward M, Blong AE. Retrospective comparison of outcomes in septic peritonitis with or without closed-suction abdominal drainage in 115 dogs (2009-2019). Vet Anim Sci. 2023;21:100304. doi:10.1016\/j.vas.2023.100304"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"40","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and management of hemoperitoneum in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Herold LV","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herold LV, Devey JJ, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Clinical evaluation and management of hemoperitoneum in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2008;18(1):40-53. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2007.00265.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"70","article-title":"Prevalence of small intestinal dehiscence and associated clinical factors: a retrospective study of 121 dogs","volume":"28","author":"Allen DA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Allen DA, Smeak DD, Schertel ER. Prevalence of small intestinal dehiscence and associated clinical factors: a retrospective study of 121 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1992;28(1):70-76."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"843","article-title":"Closed suction drainage for treatment of septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin in 20 dogs","volume":"43","author":"Adams RJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adams RJ, Doyle RS, Bray JP, Burton CA. Closed suction drainage for treatment of septic peritonitis of confirmed gastrointestinal origin in 20 dogs. Vet Surg. 2014;43(7):843-851. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12258.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"518","article-title":"Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987-2001)","volume":"39","author":"Pintar J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pintar J, Breitschwerdt EB, Hardie EM, Spaulding KA. Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987-2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003;39(6):518-522. doi:10.5326\/0390518"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Complications in Small Animal Surgery","first-page":"72","article-title":"Hemorrhage","author":"Ladlow J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ladlow J. Hemorrhage. In: Griffon D, Hamaide A, eds. Complications in Small Animal Surgery. John Wiley & Sons; 2016:72\u201378."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"657","article-title":"A practical approach to hemoperitoneum in the dog and cat","volume":"30","author":"Brockman DJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brockman DJ, Mongil CM, Aronson LR, Brown DC. A practical approach to hemoperitoneum in the dog and cat. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000;30(3):657-668. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(00)50044-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"281","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000-2011): 41 cases","volume":"26","author":"Barfield DM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barfield DM, Tivers MS, Holahan M, Welch K, House A, Adamantos SE. Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000-2011): 41 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016;26(2):281-287. doi:10.1111\/vec.12413"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.08.0543.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.08.0543.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.08.0543.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:32:21Z","timestamp":1773419541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.08.0543.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.08.0543","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}