{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:34:34Z","timestamp":1771014874845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe biochemical and pathologic findings associated with meloxicam-associated nephrotoxicity in California sea lions (CSLs) with concurrent evidence of chronic domoic acid toxicosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stranded free-ranging CSLs treated with meloxicam while undergoing rehabilitation in California between 2017 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>6 adult females and 1 male pup were included in this case series due to postmortem evidence of meloxicam-associated nephrotoxicity. Five patients were in treatment for suspected domoic acid toxicosis, and 2 were in treatment for malnutrition. Three individuals showed evidence of antemortem renal impairment (azotemia, electrolyte derangements, and clinical decline), while the other 4 were diagnosed postmortem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>6 of the 7 CSLs for which serum was available before and after treatment with meloxicam developed a significant increase in serum creatinine, BUN, phosphorous, and potassium following treatment. At necropsy, renal papillary necrosis was evident on gross and histologic examination consistent with meloxicam-associated nephrotoxicity for all 7 cases. These individuals also had hippocampal atrophy supportive of chronic domoic acid toxicosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first report of meloxicam-associated nephrotoxicity in pinnipeds. While multiple factors such as dehydration, nutrition, other medication, and\/or compromised immune function may have contributed to the development of nephrotoxicity, further evaluation of renal effects of domoic acid as well as effects of NSAIDs is warranted in CSLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.08.0559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:55:39Z","timestamp":1764176139000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meloxicam may induce nephrotoxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with chronic domoic acid toxicosis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0645-4233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mattison","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1draig","family":"Duignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Trumbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Papich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cara L.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Characterization of renal toxicity in mice administered the marine biotoxin domoic acid","volume":"25","author":"Funk JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Funk JA, Janech MG, Dillon JC, Bissler JJ, Siroky BJ, Bell PD. Characterization of renal toxicity in mice administered the marine biotoxin domoic acid. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(6):1187-1197. doi:10.1681\/ASN.2013080836"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"476","article-title":"Understanding the effect of repeated administration of meloxicam on feline renal cortex and medulla: a lipidomics and metabolomics approach","volume":"42","author":"Rivera-Velez SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rivera-Velez SM, Broughton-Neiswanger LE, Suarez MA,  Understanding the effect of repeated administration of meloxicam on feline renal cortex and medulla: a lipidomics and metabolomics approach. 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Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(10):1630-1638. doi:10.1093\/ndt\/gfv028"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Life Sci","first-page":"114","article-title":"Monosodium glutamate intake affect the function of the kidney through NMDA receptor","volume":"149","author":"Mahieu S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mahieu S, Klug M, Millen N, Fabro A, Benmelej A, Contini MC. Monosodium glutamate intake affect the function of the kidney through NMDA receptor. Life Sci. 2016;149:114-119. doi:10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.02.023"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref18","series-title":"Biomolecules","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Glutamate-gated nmda receptors: insights into the function and signaling in the kidney","volume":"10","author":"Valdivielso JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valdivielso JM, Eritja \u00c0, Caus M, Bozic M. Glutamate-gated nmda receptors: insights into the function and signaling in the kidney. 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Pharmaceuticals and formularies. In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. 3rd ed. CRC Press; 646\u2013647."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"301","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, milk residues, and toxicological evaluation of a single high dose of meloxicam administered at 30 mg\/kg per os to lactating dairy cattle","volume":"10","author":"Fritz SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fritz SA, Ensley SM, Lawrence JR,  Pharmacokinetics, milk residues, and toxicological evaluation of a single high dose of meloxicam administered at 30 mg\/kg per os to lactating dairy cattle. Vet Sci. 2023;10(4):301. doi:10.3390\/vetsci10040301"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"594","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of single dose oral meloxicam in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"45","author":"Simeone CA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simeone CA, Nollens HH, Meegan JM,  Pharmacokinetics of single dose oral meloxicam in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2014;45(3):594-599. doi:10.1638\/2013-0281R1.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"138","article-title":"Effects of low-dose meloxicam in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"KuKanich K","year":"2021","unstructured":"KuKanich K, George C, Roush JK,  Effects of low-dose meloxicam in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(2):138-148. doi:10.1177\/1098612X20935750"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Characterization of renal toxicity in mice administered the marine biotoxin domoic acid","volume":"25","author":"Funk JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Funk JA, Janech MG, Dillon JC, Bissler JJ, Siroky BJ, Bell PD. Characterization of renal toxicity in mice administered the marine biotoxin domoic acid. 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Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Bras Nefrol","first-page":"124","article-title":"Pathophysiological aspects of nephropathy caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"41","author":"Lucas GNC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucas GNC, Leit\u00e3o ACC, Alencar RL, Xavier RMF, Daher EF, Silva Junior GBD. Pathophysiological aspects of nephropathy caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Bras Nefrol. 2019;41(1):124-130. doi:10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0107"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"197","article-title":"The renal effects of NSAIDs in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Lomas AL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lomas AL, Grauer GF. The renal effects of NSAIDs in dogs. 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Vet J. 2015;206(2):183-190. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.025"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"90","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in 18 cats after subcutaneous meloxicam and an update on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage in feline patients in Australia","volume":"101","author":"Wun MK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wun MK, Leister E, King T, Korman R, Malik R. Acute kidney injury in 18 cats after subcutaneous meloxicam and an update on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage in feline patients in Australia. 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