{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:52:33Z","timestamp":1773460353247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluate the feasibility of measuring plasma concentrations of 4 endothelial glycocalyx components and their correlation to patient and treatment characteristics in canine trauma patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an observational study of dogs presenting to a university-based emergency department between August 2021 and March 2022 within 2 hours of traumatic injury and healthy, age-matched controls. We obtained EDTA plasma at arrival and 3, 6, and 24 hours later. Degree of injury was classified based on Animal Trauma Triage score (mild, 0 to 3; moderate, 4 to 6; and severe, \u2265 7). Data collected included signalment, modified Glasgow Coma Scale score, interventions, diagnostic results, and patient outcomes. Plasma concentrations of syndecan-1, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate, and vascular endothelial-cadherin (cadherin-5) were determined via ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>19 canine trauma patients and 16 age-matched controls were enrolled. Hyaluronan was significantly lower at arrival versus 24 hours later and demonstrated a significant increase over all time points. There was a significant negative correlation between heparan sulfate and lactate. Vascular endothelial cadherin was significantly higher in penetrating trauma than blunt trauma at arrival and 6 hours later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measurement of the 4 markers of endothelial glycocalyx damage in canine trauma patients was generally feasible, and further study may determine clinical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was the first evaluation of these glycocalyx biomarkers in canine trauma patients. Additional studies evaluating these and other glycocalyx biomarkers longitudinally are needed to determine the effect of injury and fluid resuscitation on the glycocalyx and outcome in canine trauma patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.08.0560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1773456861000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and temporal dynamics of endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers in dogs sustaining traumatic injury"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9648-9313","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jordan D.","family":"Tarbutton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7685-211X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire D.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-3787","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-932X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e23530","article-title":"Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation","volume":"6","author":"Haywood-Watson RJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haywood-Watson RJ, Holcomb JB, Gonzalez EA,  Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23530. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0023530"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"117","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx: structure and function in health and critical illness","volume":"30","author":"Gaudette S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaudette S, Hughes D, Boller M. The endothelial glycocalyx: structure and function in health and critical illness. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020;30(2):117-134. doi:10.1111\/vec.12925"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"84","article-title":"Critical role of the vascular endothelial cell in health and disease: a review article","volume":"14","author":"Duffy TC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duffy TC, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Critical role of the vascular endothelial cell in health and disease: a review article. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2004;14(2):84-99. doi:10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2004.00116.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","first-page":"300","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential","volume":"87","author":"Becker BF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker BF, Chappell D, Bruegger D, Annecke T, Jacob M. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;87(2):300-310. doi:10.1093\/cvr\/cvq137"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Inflammation","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Large-volume crystalloid fluid is associated with increased hyaluronan shedding and inflammation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model","volume":"41","author":"Smart L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smart L, Boyd CJ, Claus MA, Bosio E, Hosgood G, Raisis A. Large-volume crystalloid fluid is associated with increased hyaluronan shedding and inflammation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model. Inflammation. 2018;41(4):1515-1523. doi:10.1007\/s10753-018-0797-4"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Crit Care","first-page":"304","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers increase in patients with infection during emergency department treatment","volume":"42","author":"Smart L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smart L, Macdonald SPJ, Burrows S, Bosio E, Arendts G, Fatovich DM. Endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers increase in patients with infection during emergency department treatment. J Crit Care. 2017;42:304-309. doi:10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.07.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Protective effects of plasma products on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier following trauma-hemorrhagic shock: is sphingosine-1 phosphate responsible?","volume":"87","author":"Diebel ME","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diebel ME, Diebel LN, Liberati DM. Protective effects of plasma products on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier following trauma-hemorrhagic shock: is sphingosine-1 phosphate responsible? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87(5):1061-1069. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000002446"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"194","article-title":"A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients","volume":"254","author":"Johansson PI","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Rasmussen LS, Ostrowski SR. A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2011;254(2):194-200. doi:10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318226113d"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"674","article-title":"Activation of the protein C pathway and endothelial glycocalyx shedding is associated with coagulopathy in an ovine model of trauma and hemorrhage","volume":"81","author":"van Zyl N","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Zyl N, Milford EM, Diab S,  Activation of the protein C pathway and endothelial glycocalyx shedding is associated with coagulopathy in an ovine model of trauma and hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(4):674-684. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000001190"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"166","article-title":"Plasma resuscitation promotes coagulation homeostasis following shock-induced hypercoagulability","volume":"45","author":"Cardenas JC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cardenas JC, Cap AP, Swartz MD,  Plasma resuscitation promotes coagulation homeostasis following shock-induced hypercoagulability. Shock. 2016;45(2):166-173. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000504"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"609","article-title":"Searching for the optimal fluid to restore microcirculatory flow dynamics after haemorrhagic shock: a systematic review of preclinical studies","volume":"46","author":"Naumann DN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naumann DN, Beaven A, Dretzke J, Hutchings S, Midwinter MJ. Searching for the optimal fluid to restore microcirculatory flow dynamics after haemorrhagic shock: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Shock. 2016;46(6):609-622. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000687"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effect of unfractionated heparin on endothelial glycocalyx in a septic shock model","volume":"59","author":"Yini S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yini S, Heng Z, Xin A, Xiaochun M. Effect of unfractionated heparin on endothelial glycocalyx in a septic shock model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(2):160-169. doi:10.1111\/aas.12418"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock","volume":"112","author":"Kozar RA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kozar RA, Peng Z, Zhang R,  Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1289-1295. doi:10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318210385c"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"113","article-title":"Endothelial damage in septic shock patients as evidenced by circulating syndecan-1, sphingosine-1-phosphate and soluble VE-cadherin: a substudy of ALBIOS","volume":"25","author":"Piotti A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piotti A, Novelli D, Meessen JMTA,  Endothelial damage in septic shock patients as evidenced by circulating syndecan-1, sphingosine-1-phosphate and soluble VE-cadherin: a substudy of ALBIOS. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):113. doi:10.1186\/s13054-021-03545-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Leukoc Biol","first-page":"81","article-title":"Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity","volume":"105","author":"Collins LE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins LE, Troeberg L. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2019;105(1):81-92. doi:10.1002\/JLB.3RU0618-246R"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"470","article-title":"Heparan sulfate: a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan with multiple roles in immunity","volume":"4","author":"Simon Davis DA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simon Davis DA, Parish CR. Heparan sulfate: a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan with multiple roles in immunity. Front Immunol. 2013;4:470. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00470"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"113","article-title":"Increased plasma hyaluronan levels are associated with acute traumatic coagulopathy","volume":"57","author":"Walker SC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walker SC, Richter RP, Zheng L,  Increased plasma hyaluronan levels are associated with acute traumatic coagulopathy. Shock. 2022;57(1):113-117. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001867"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref18","series-title":"EMBO J","first-page":"993","article-title":"VE-cadherin is a critical endothelial regulator of TGF-\u03b2 signalling","volume":"27","author":"Rudini N","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rudini N, Felici A, Giampietro C,  VE-cadherin is a critical endothelial regulator of TGF-\u03b2 signalling. EMBO J. 2008;27(7):993-1004. doi:10.1038\/emboj.2008.46"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","series-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol","first-page":"223","article-title":"VE-cadherin: the major endothelial adhesion molecule controlling cellular junctions and blood vessel formation","volume":"28","author":"Vestweber D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vestweber D. VE-cadherin: the major endothelial adhesion molecule controlling cellular junctions and blood vessel formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(2):223-232. doi:10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.158014"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","first-page":"32","article-title":"Soluble VE-cadherin is involved in endothelial barrier breakdown in systemic inflammation and sepsis","volume":"107","author":"Flemming S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flemming S, Burkard N, Renschler M,  Soluble VE-cadherin is involved in endothelial barrier breakdown in systemic inflammation and sepsis. Cardiovasc Res. 2015;107(1):32-44. doi:10.1093\/cvr\/cvv144"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"289","article-title":"ACVECC-Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry report 2017-2019","volume":"33","author":"Hall KE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hall KE, Rutten JI, Baird TN,  ACVECC-Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry report 2017-2019. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2023;33(3):289-297. doi:10.1111\/vec.13295"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"708","article-title":"Development of a veterinary trauma score (VetCOT) in canine trauma patients with performance evaluation and comparison to the animal trauma triage score: a VetCOT registry study","volume":"31","author":"Chik C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chik C, Hayes GM, Menard J. Development of a veterinary trauma score (VetCOT) in canine trauma patients with performance evaluation and comparison to the animal trauma triage score: a VetCOT registry study. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2021;31(6):708-717. doi:10.1111\/vec.13135"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol","first-page":"100052","article-title":"How to deal with non-detectable and outlying values in biomarker research: best practices and recommendations for univariate imputation approaches","volume":"7","author":"Herbers J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herbers J, Miller R, Walther A,  How to deal with non-detectable and outlying values in biomarker research: best practices and recommendations for univariate imputation approaches. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2021;7:100052. doi:10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100052"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"106221","article-title":"Comparing the effects of various fluid resuscitative strategies on Glycocalyx damage in a canine hemorrhage model","volume":"307","author":"Weaver AJ Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weaver AJ Jr, Venn EC, Ford R,  Comparing the effects of various fluid resuscitative strategies on Glycocalyx damage in a canine hemorrhage model. Vet J. 2024;307:106221. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106221"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"2747","article-title":"Mechanism matters: mortality and endothelial cell damage marker differences between blunt and penetrating traumatic injuries across three prehospital clinical trials","volume":"14","author":"Donohue JK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Donohue JK, Gruen DS, Iyanna N,  Mechanism matters: mortality and endothelial cell damage marker differences between blunt and penetrating traumatic injuries across three prehospital clinical trials. 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Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(12):1-10. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.06.0134"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref29","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of fresh-frozen plasma transfusion on circulating hyaluronic acid concentration in critically ill dogs: a pilot study","volume":"85","author":"Rigot M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rigot M, Bersenas AM, Bateman SW, Blois SL, Darren Wood R. Evaluation of the effect of fresh-frozen plasma transfusion on circulating hyaluronic acid concentration in critically ill dogs: a pilot study. Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(9):1-10. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.24.04.0115"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"661660","article-title":"The effects of resuscitative fluid therapy on the endothelial surface layer","volume":"8","author":"Smart L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smart L, Hughes D. The effects of resuscitative fluid therapy on the endothelial surface layer. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:661660. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.661660"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e23530","article-title":"Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation","volume":"6","author":"Haywood-Watson RJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haywood-Watson RJ, Holcomb JB, Gonzalez EA,  Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23530. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0023530"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"117","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx: structure and function in health and critical illness","volume":"30","author":"Gaudette S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaudette S, Hughes D, Boller M. The endothelial glycocalyx: structure and function in health and critical illness. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020;30(2):117-134. doi:10.1111\/vec.12925"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"84","article-title":"Critical role of the vascular endothelial cell in health and disease: a review article","volume":"14","author":"Duffy TC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duffy TC, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Critical role of the vascular endothelial cell in health and disease: a review article. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2004;14(2):84-99. doi:10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2004.00116.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","first-page":"300","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential","volume":"87","author":"Becker BF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker BF, Chappell D, Bruegger D, Annecke T, Jacob M. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;87(2):300-310. doi:10.1093\/cvr\/cvq137"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Inflammation","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Large-volume crystalloid fluid is associated with increased hyaluronan shedding and inflammation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model","volume":"41","author":"Smart L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smart L, Boyd CJ, Claus MA, Bosio E, Hosgood G, Raisis A. Large-volume crystalloid fluid is associated with increased hyaluronan shedding and inflammation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model. Inflammation. 2018;41(4):1515-1523. doi:10.1007\/s10753-018-0797-4"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Crit Care","first-page":"304","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers increase in patients with infection during emergency department treatment","volume":"42","author":"Smart L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smart L, Macdonald SPJ, Burrows S, Bosio E, Arendts G, Fatovich DM. Endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers increase in patients with infection during emergency department treatment. J Crit Care. 2017;42:304-309. doi:10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.07.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Protective effects of plasma products on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier following trauma-hemorrhagic shock: is sphingosine-1 phosphate responsible?","volume":"87","author":"Diebel ME","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diebel ME, Diebel LN, Liberati DM. Protective effects of plasma products on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier following trauma-hemorrhagic shock: is sphingosine-1 phosphate responsible? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87(5):1061-1069. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000002446"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"194","article-title":"A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients","volume":"254","author":"Johansson PI","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Rasmussen LS, Ostrowski SR. A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2011;254(2):194-200. doi:10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318226113d"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"674","article-title":"Activation of the protein C pathway and endothelial glycocalyx shedding is associated with coagulopathy in an ovine model of trauma and hemorrhage","volume":"81","author":"van Zyl N","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Zyl N, Milford EM, Diab S,  Activation of the protein C pathway and endothelial glycocalyx shedding is associated with coagulopathy in an ovine model of trauma and hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(4):674-684. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000001190"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"166","article-title":"Plasma resuscitation promotes coagulation homeostasis following shock-induced hypercoagulability","volume":"45","author":"Cardenas JC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cardenas JC, Cap AP, Swartz MD,  Plasma resuscitation promotes coagulation homeostasis following shock-induced hypercoagulability. Shock. 2016;45(2):166-173. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000504"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"609","article-title":"Searching for the optimal fluid to restore microcirculatory flow dynamics after haemorrhagic shock: a systematic review of preclinical studies","volume":"46","author":"Naumann DN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naumann DN, Beaven A, Dretzke J, Hutchings S, Midwinter MJ. Searching for the optimal fluid to restore microcirculatory flow dynamics after haemorrhagic shock: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Shock. 2016;46(6):609-622. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000687"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effect of unfractionated heparin on endothelial glycocalyx in a septic shock model","volume":"59","author":"Yini S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yini S, Heng Z, Xin A, Xiaochun M. Effect of unfractionated heparin on endothelial glycocalyx in a septic shock model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(2):160-169. doi:10.1111\/aas.12418"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock","volume":"112","author":"Kozar RA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kozar RA, Peng Z, Zhang R,  Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1289-1295. doi:10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318210385c"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"113","article-title":"Endothelial damage in septic shock patients as evidenced by circulating syndecan-1, sphingosine-1-phosphate and soluble VE-cadherin: a substudy of ALBIOS","volume":"25","author":"Piotti A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piotti A, Novelli D, Meessen JMTA,  Endothelial damage in septic shock patients as evidenced by circulating syndecan-1, sphingosine-1-phosphate and soluble VE-cadherin: a substudy of ALBIOS. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):113. doi:10.1186\/s13054-021-03545-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Leukoc Biol","first-page":"81","article-title":"Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity","volume":"105","author":"Collins LE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins LE, Troeberg L. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2019;105(1):81-92. doi:10.1002\/JLB.3RU0618-246R"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"470","article-title":"Heparan sulfate: a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan with multiple roles in immunity","volume":"4","author":"Simon Davis DA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simon Davis DA, Parish CR. Heparan sulfate: a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan with multiple roles in immunity. 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