{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:52:28Z","timestamp":1773460348385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to update prevalence and incidence data for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in companion dogs in the US and evaluate potential risk factors based on data from the Dog Aging Project.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nested case-control study was performed within data collected from the 47,444 dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project from December 16, 2019, to December 31, 2023. Gastric dilatation-volvulus cases were selected by identifying dogs for which the owner had reported \u201cbloat with torsion\/GDV\u201d or a description of GDV in the free text; control dogs without reported GDV history were selected at a 2.2:1 ratio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>170 dogs had an owner-reported GDV event. A total of 374 dogs were selected as a control population. The lifetime prevalence of GDV was 0.23%, and the incidence was 1.74\/1,000 dog years at risk. Compared to controls, dogs at increased odds of GDV included those that were purebred, were male, had a body weight &gt; 40 kg, had a low body condition score, and were Poodles\/Poodle mixes. There was no increase in GDV odds associated with fearful\/anxious behavior, neuter status, age at neuter, diet type, or number of meals fed per day.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identification of Poodles as the breed with the highest occurrence of GDV was novel. Increasing body size, low body condition score, and male sex were confirmed as risk factors for development of GDV, but this analysis failed to identify increased anxiety or diet as risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early identification of dogs at highest risk for GDV facilitates conversation with owners about prophylactic gastropexy and clinical signs of GDV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.09.0609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:29:54Z","timestamp":1764952194000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastric dilatation-volvulus is associated with Poodle breeds, increased body size, and male sex, but not primary diet type or anxiety in the Dog Aging Project cohort"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3840-0782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Morgan A.","family":"McCord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0724-6564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janice","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Ryave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5223-0217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Audrey","family":"Ruple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4169-374X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate E.","family":"Creevy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0096-9942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanna M.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"40","article-title":"Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"216","author":"Glickman LT","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, Raghavan M, Lee TL. Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;216(1):40-45. doi:10.2460\/javma.2000.216.40"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"28","article-title":"The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Raghavan M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raghavan M, Glickman NW, Glickman LT. The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006;42(1):28-36. doi:10.5326\/0420028"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"629","article-title":"Gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs attending UK emergency-care veterinary practices: prevalence, risk factors and survival","volume":"58","author":"O\u2019Neill DG","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DG, Case J, Boag AK,  Gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs attending UK emergency-care veterinary practices: prevalence, risk factors and survival. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(11):629-638. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12723"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"460","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992)","volume":"207","author":"Brockman DJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brockman DJ, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207(4):460-464. doi:10.2460\/javma.1995.207.04.0460"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"204","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1994","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, P\u00e9rez CM, Schellenberg DB, Lantz GC. Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;204(9):1465-1471. doi:10.2460\/javma.1994.204.09.1465"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"77","article-title":"Gastropexy for prevention of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs: history and techniques","volume":"29","author":"Allen P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen P, Paul A. Gastropexy for prevention of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs: history and techniques. Top Companion Anim Med. 2014;29(3):77-80. doi:10.1053\/j.tcam.2014.09.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"319","article-title":"Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"60","author":"Ward MP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ward MP, Patronek GJ, Glickman LT. Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Prev Vet Med. 2003;60(4):319-329. doi:10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00142-9"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"376","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity due to gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in pedigree dogs in the UK","volume":"51","author":"Evans KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evans KM, Adams VJ. Mortality and morbidity due to gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in pedigree dogs in the UK. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(7):376-381. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00949.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs","volume":"217","author":"Glickman LT","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, Raghavan M, Lee T. Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217(10):1492-1499. doi:10.2460\/javma.2000.217.1492"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1456","article-title":"An internet-based survey of risk factors for surgical gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Pipan M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pipan M, Brown DC, Battaglia CL, Otto CM. An internet-based survey of risk factors for surgical gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;240(12):1456-1462. doi:10.2460\/javma.240.12.1456"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"60","article-title":"Inherited and predisposing factors in the development of gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Bell JS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bell JS. Inherited and predisposing factors in the development of gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med. 2014;29(3):60-63. doi:10.1053\/j.tcam.2014.09.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"48","article-title":"Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great Danes","volume":"143","author":"Theyse LFH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Theyse LFH, van de Brom WE, van Sluijs FJ. Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great Danes. Vet Rec. 1998;143(2):48-50. doi:10.1136\/vr.143.2.48"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"64","article-title":"Influence of thoracic conformation and genetics on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in Irish Setters","volume":"34","author":"Schellenberg D","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schellenberg D, Yi Q, Glickman NW, Glickman LT. Influence of thoracic conformation and genetics on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in Irish Setters. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34(1):64-73. doi:10.5326\/15473317-34-1-64"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"197","article-title":"Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner\/owner case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, Simpson K, Lantz GC. Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner\/owner case-control study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1997;33(3):197-204. doi:10.5326\/15473317-33-3-197"},{"issue":"7895","key":"ref15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"51","article-title":"The Dog Aging Project Consortium. An open science study of ageing in companion dogs","volume":"602","author":"Creevy KE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Creevy KE, Akey JM, Kaeberlein M, Promislow DEL; The Dog Aging Project Consortium. An open science study of ageing in companion dogs. Nature. 2022;602(7895):51-57. doi:10.1038\/s41586-021-04282-9. Published correction appears in Nature. 2022;608:E33. doi:10.1038\/s41586-022-05179-x"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"GitHub","article-title":"Survey Instruments","author":"Dog Aging Project","unstructured":"Dog Aging Project. Survey Instruments. GitHub. Accessed June 11, 2025. https:\/\/github.com\/dogagingproject\/dataRelease\/tree\/master\/Survey_Instruments"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Dog Aging Project","author":"Open data access","unstructured":"Open data access. Dog Aging Project. Accessed June 11, 2025. https:\/\/dogagingproject.org\/data-access"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo I","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dohoo I, Martin W, Stryhn H. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. 2nd ed. VER Inc; 2014."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Selection of controls in case-control studies, I: principles","volume":"135","author":"Wacholder S","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS. Selection of controls in case-control studies, I: principles. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(9):1019-1028. doi:10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"267","article-title":"2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Creevy KE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Creevy KE, Grady J, Little SE,  2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55(6):267-290. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6999"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs","volume":"223","author":"Hsu Y","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hsu Y, Serpell JA. Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223(9):1293-1300. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1293"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"192","article-title":"Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs of high-risk breeds","volume":"40","author":"Raghavan M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raghavan M, Glickman N, McCabe G, Lantz G, Glickman LT. Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs of high-risk breeds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2004;40(3):192-203. doi:10.5326\/0400192"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"587","article-title":"Gastric dilatation and volvulus in a 5-month-old Bernese Mountain Dog. Syndrome de dilatation torsion de l\u2019estomac chez un Bouviers Bernois de 5 mois","volume":"60","author":"Hammer M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hammer M, Grand JG. Gastric dilatation and volvulus in a 5-month-old Bernese Mountain Dog. Syndrome de dilatation torsion de l\u2019estomac chez un Bouviers Bernois de 5 mois. Can Vet J. 2019;60(6):587-590."},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Guyton & Hall Physiology Review","author":"Hall JE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hall JE. Guyton & Hall Physiology Review. Elsevier; 2011."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010)","volume":"242","author":"Bellumori TP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bellumori TP, Famula TR, Bannasch DL, Belanger JM, Oberbauer AM. Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(11):1549-1555. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.11.1549"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"Relationship between incidence of gastric dilatation-volvulus and biometeorologic events in a population of military working dogs","volume":"63","author":"Herbold JR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herbold JR, Moore GE, Gosch TL, Bell BS. Relationship between incidence of gastric dilatation-volvulus and biometeorologic events in a population of military working dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(1):47-52. doi:10.2460\/AJVR.2002.63.47"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"American Kennel Club","author":"Most popular dog breeds","unstructured":"Most popular dog breeds. American Kennel Club. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.akc.org\/most-popular-breeds\/"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Oodles of Doodles: popularity and health","author":"Benson J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benson J, Neff S, Tincher EM, Spadafori G. Oodles of Doodles: popularity and health. Nationwide; 2022. Accessed February 27, 2025. https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/440y9b545yd9\/2xKSYWnUkxhb0tJGDLNdoI\/fe9b401da2d73c6fef7c2a4bd4b8a49e\/Nationwide_Oodles_of_Doodles_and_Cancer_Cross_Breed_White_Paper_2022.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"495","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"31","author":"Burrows CF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burrows CF, Ignaszewski LA. Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Small Anim Pract. 1990;31(10):495-501. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00671.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref30","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1676","article-title":"Dog Aging Project Consortium. Dog and owner demographics impact dietary choices in Dog Aging Project cohort","volume":"262","author":"O\u2019Brien JS","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien JS, Tolbert MK, Ruple A; Dog Aging Project Consortium. Dog and owner demographics impact dietary choices in Dog Aging Project cohort. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(12):1676-1685. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0358"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"23","article-title":"Assessment of the incidence of GDV following splenectomy in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Goldhammer MA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldhammer MA, Haining H, Milne EM, Shaw DJ, Yool DA. Assessment of the incidence of GDV following splenectomy in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(1):23-28. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00844.x"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Income in the United States: 2022","author":"Guzman G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guzman G, Kollar M. Income in the United States: 2022. US Census Bureau; 2023."},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The genetics of gastric dilatation and volvulus (bloat) in dogs: what do we know and where are we going","author":"Sharp CR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp CR. The genetics of gastric dilatation and volvulus (bloat) in dogs: what do we know and where are we going? Paper presented at: Tuft\u2019s Canine and Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"40","article-title":"Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"216","author":"Glickman LT","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, Raghavan M, Lee TL. Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;216(1):40-45. doi:10.2460\/javma.2000.216.40"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"28","article-title":"The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Raghavan M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raghavan M, Glickman NW, Glickman LT. The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006;42(1):28-36. doi:10.5326\/0420028"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"629","article-title":"Gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs attending UK emergency-care veterinary practices: prevalence, risk factors and survival","volume":"58","author":"O\u2019Neill DG","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DG, Case J, Boag AK,  Gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs attending UK emergency-care veterinary practices: prevalence, risk factors and survival. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(11):629-638. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12723"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"460","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992)","volume":"207","author":"Brockman DJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brockman DJ, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207(4):460-464. doi:10.2460\/javma.1995.207.04.0460"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"204","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1994","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, P\u00e9rez CM, Schellenberg DB, Lantz GC. Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;204(9):1465-1471. doi:10.2460\/javma.1994.204.09.1465"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"77","article-title":"Gastropexy for prevention of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs: history and techniques","volume":"29","author":"Allen P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen P, Paul A. Gastropexy for prevention of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs: history and techniques. Top Companion Anim Med. 2014;29(3):77-80. doi:10.1053\/j.tcam.2014.09.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"319","article-title":"Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"60","author":"Ward MP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ward MP, Patronek GJ, Glickman LT. Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Prev Vet Med. 2003;60(4):319-329. doi:10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00142-9"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"376","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity due to gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in pedigree dogs in the UK","volume":"51","author":"Evans KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evans KM, Adams VJ. Mortality and morbidity due to gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in pedigree dogs in the UK. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(7):376-381. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00949.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs","volume":"217","author":"Glickman LT","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, Raghavan M, Lee T. Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217(10):1492-1499. doi:10.2460\/javma.2000.217.1492"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1456","article-title":"An internet-based survey of risk factors for surgical gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Pipan M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pipan M, Brown DC, Battaglia CL, Otto CM. An internet-based survey of risk factors for surgical gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;240(12):1456-1462. doi:10.2460\/javma.240.12.1456"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","series-title":"Top Companion Anim Med","first-page":"60","article-title":"Inherited and predisposing factors in the development of gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Bell JS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bell JS. Inherited and predisposing factors in the development of gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med. 2014;29(3):60-63. doi:10.1053\/j.tcam.2014.09.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"48","article-title":"Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great Danes","volume":"143","author":"Theyse LFH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Theyse LFH, van de Brom WE, van Sluijs FJ. Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great Danes. Vet Rec. 1998;143(2):48-50. doi:10.1136\/vr.143.2.48"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"64","article-title":"Influence of thoracic conformation and genetics on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in Irish Setters","volume":"34","author":"Schellenberg D","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schellenberg D, Yi Q, Glickman NW, Glickman LT. Influence of thoracic conformation and genetics on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in Irish Setters. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34(1):64-73. doi:10.5326\/15473317-34-1-64"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"197","article-title":"Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner\/owner case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Glickman LT","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, Simpson K, Lantz GC. Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner\/owner case-control study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1997;33(3):197-204. doi:10.5326\/15473317-33-3-197"},{"issue":"7895","key":"ref15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"51","article-title":"The Dog Aging Project Consortium. An open science study of ageing in companion dogs","volume":"602","author":"Creevy KE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Creevy KE, Akey JM, Kaeberlein M, Promislow DEL; The Dog Aging Project Consortium. An open science study of ageing in companion dogs. Nature. 2022;602(7895):51-57. doi:10.1038\/s41586-021-04282-9. Published correction appears in Nature. 2022;608:E33. doi:10.1038\/s41586-022-05179-x"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"GitHub","article-title":"Survey Instruments","author":"Dog Aging Project","unstructured":"Dog Aging Project. Survey Instruments. GitHub. Accessed June 11, 2025. https:\/\/github.com\/dogagingproject\/dataRelease\/tree\/master\/Survey_Instruments"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Dog Aging Project","author":"Open data access","unstructured":"Open data access. Dog Aging Project. Accessed June 11, 2025. https:\/\/dogagingproject.org\/data-access"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo I","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dohoo I, Martin W, Stryhn H. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. 2nd ed. VER Inc; 2014."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Selection of controls in case-control studies, I: principles","volume":"135","author":"Wacholder S","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS. Selection of controls in case-control studies, I: principles. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(9):1019-1028. doi:10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"267","article-title":"2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Creevy KE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Creevy KE, Grady J, Little SE,  2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55(6):267-290. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6999"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs","volume":"223","author":"Hsu Y","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hsu Y, Serpell JA. Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223(9):1293-1300. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1293"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"192","article-title":"Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs of high-risk breeds","volume":"40","author":"Raghavan M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raghavan M, Glickman N, McCabe G, Lantz G, Glickman LT. Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs of high-risk breeds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2004;40(3):192-203. doi:10.5326\/0400192"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"587","article-title":"Gastric dilatation and volvulus in a 5-month-old Bernese Mountain Dog. Syndrome de dilatation torsion de l\u2019estomac chez un Bouviers Bernois de 5 mois","volume":"60","author":"Hammer M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hammer M, Grand JG. Gastric dilatation and volvulus in a 5-month-old Bernese Mountain Dog. Syndrome de dilatation torsion de l\u2019estomac chez un Bouviers Bernois de 5 mois. Can Vet J. 2019;60(6):587-590."},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Guyton & Hall Physiology Review","author":"Hall JE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hall JE. Guyton & Hall Physiology Review. Elsevier; 2011."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010)","volume":"242","author":"Bellumori TP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bellumori TP, Famula TR, Bannasch DL, Belanger JM, Oberbauer AM. Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(11):1549-1555. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.11.1549"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"Relationship between incidence of gastric dilatation-volvulus and biometeorologic events in a population of military working dogs","volume":"63","author":"Herbold JR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herbold JR, Moore GE, Gosch TL, Bell BS. Relationship between incidence of gastric dilatation-volvulus and biometeorologic events in a population of military working dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(1):47-52. doi:10.2460\/AJVR.2002.63.47"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"American Kennel Club","author":"Most popular dog breeds","unstructured":"Most popular dog breeds. American Kennel Club. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.akc.org\/most-popular-breeds\/"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Oodles of Doodles: popularity and health","author":"Benson J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benson J, Neff S, Tincher EM, Spadafori G. Oodles of Doodles: popularity and health. Nationwide; 2022. Accessed February 27, 2025. https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/440y9b545yd9\/2xKSYWnUkxhb0tJGDLNdoI\/fe9b401da2d73c6fef7c2a4bd4b8a49e\/Nationwide_Oodles_of_Doodles_and_Cancer_Cross_Breed_White_Paper_2022.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"495","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"31","author":"Burrows CF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burrows CF, Ignaszewski LA. Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Small Anim Pract. 1990;31(10):495-501. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00671.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref30","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1676","article-title":"Dog Aging Project Consortium. Dog and owner demographics impact dietary choices in Dog Aging Project cohort","volume":"262","author":"O\u2019Brien JS","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien JS, Tolbert MK, Ruple A; Dog Aging Project Consortium. Dog and owner demographics impact dietary choices in Dog Aging Project cohort. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(12):1676-1685. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0358"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"23","article-title":"Assessment of the incidence of GDV following splenectomy in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Goldhammer MA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldhammer MA, Haining H, Milne EM, Shaw DJ, Yool DA. Assessment of the incidence of GDV following splenectomy in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(1):23-28. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00844.x"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Income in the United States: 2022","author":"Guzman G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guzman G, Kollar M. Income in the United States: 2022. US Census Bureau; 2023."},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The genetics of gastric dilatation and volvulus (bloat) in dogs: what do we know and where are we going","author":"Sharp CR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp CR. The genetics of gastric dilatation and volvulus (bloat) in dogs: what do we know and where are we going? Paper presented at: Tuft\u2019s Canine and Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference; 2015."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.09.0609.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.09.0609.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.09.0609.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:54:22Z","timestamp":1773456862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/4\/javma.25.09.0609.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.09.0609","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}