{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:29:41Z","timestamp":1779114581483,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe ocular abnormalities of pet and sanctuary-housed domestic pigs presented to an academic veterinary hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic medical records at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals were searched for pigs having undergone a complete ophthalmic examination by a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists between 2011 and 2024. Signalment, examination findings, diagnoses, and treatments were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>36 domestic pigs of a variety of breeds were represented, including Vietnamese pot-bellied (22 of 36), American Miniature (4 of 36), Yorkshire (2 of 36), Berkshire (1 of 36), mixed breed (2 of 36), and unknown breeds (5 of 36). Most ocular abnormalities were adnexal with the following abnormalities diagnosed: excessive periocular fat (\u201cfat blindness\u201d; 8 of 36), corneal ulceration (8 of 36), blepharitis\/periocular dermatitis (7 of 36), conjunctivitis (7 of 36), entropion (3 of 36), and eyelid neoplasia (melanoma; 1 of 36). Cataracts were diagnosed in 2 (3 eyes) of 36 pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A wide range of ocular disease impacted pet and sanctuary-housed pigs. Vision-threatening ophthalmic disease appeared to be rare, aside from functional blindness associated with excessive periocular fat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provided veterinarians with new information on the ophthalmic diseases that affect pigs as well as approaches to treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.09.0610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1770819337000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular abnormalities in pet and sanctuary-housed domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus)\u2014a retrospective evaluation of 36 patients"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8762-7855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kore","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center of Central New York, Syracuse, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nita L.","family":"Irby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-6661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Knickelbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","first-page":"504","article-title":"Minipigs and potbellied pigs as pets in the veterinary practice - a retrospective study","volume":"54","author":"Sipos W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sipos W, Schmoll F, Stumpf I. Minipigs and potbellied pigs as pets in the veterinary practice - a retrospective study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2007;54(9):504-511. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00968.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"557","article-title":"Porcine ophthalmology","volume":"26","author":"Middleton S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Middleton S. Porcine ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2010;26(3):557-572. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.09.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract","first-page":"667","article-title":"Porcine ophthalmology","volume":"6","author":"Vestre WA","year":"1984","unstructured":"Vestre WA. Porcine ophthalmology. 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Case Rep Vet Med. 2018;2018(1):2051350. doi:10.1155\/2018\/2051350"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref20","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of cataracts in a population of Yucatan miniswines after induction of type I diabetes: a model for preventative or therapeutic cataract therapies","volume":"56","author":"Stricker-Krongrad A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stricker-Krongrad A, Hanks C, Freeman M,  Prevalence and incidence of cataracts in a population of Yucatan miniswines after induction of type I diabetes: a model for preventative or therapeutic cataract therapies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(7):1900."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","series-title":"Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"334","article-title":"Ophthalmologic observations in the young Yucatan micropig","volume":"44","author":"Saint-Macary G","year":"1994","unstructured":"Saint-Macary G, Berthoux C. Ophthalmologic observations in the young Yucatan micropig. Lab Anim Sci. 1994;44(4):334-337."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Cortical cataracts induced by hygromycin B in swine","volume":"42","author":"Sanford SE","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sanford SE, Dukes TW, Creighton MO, Trevithick JR. Cortical cataracts induced by hygromycin B in swine. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42(9):1534-1537. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.09.1534"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","first-page":"lxaf029","article-title":"Klebsiella spp. in healthy pigs: reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance and potential pathogenic threats","volume":"136","author":"Rosa JN","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rosa JN, da Silva GC, Fontes PP, Guidini MM, Oliveira RP, Bazzolli DMS. Klebsiella spp. in healthy pigs: reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance and potential pathogenic threats. J Appl Microbiol. 2025;136(2):lxaf029. doi:10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf029"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","first-page":"504","article-title":"Minipigs and potbellied pigs as pets in the veterinary practice - a retrospective study","volume":"54","author":"Sipos W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sipos W, Schmoll F, Stumpf I. Minipigs and potbellied pigs as pets in the veterinary practice - a retrospective study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2007;54(9):504-511. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00968.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"557","article-title":"Porcine ophthalmology","volume":"26","author":"Middleton S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Middleton S. Porcine ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2010;26(3):557-572. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.09.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract","first-page":"667","article-title":"Porcine ophthalmology","volume":"6","author":"Vestre WA","year":"1984","unstructured":"Vestre WA. Porcine ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1984;6(3):667-676. doi:10.1016\/S0196-9846(17)30016-2"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis associated with chlamydiae in swine","volume":"203","author":"Rogers DG","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rogers DG, Andersen AA, Hogg A, Nielsen DL, Huebert MA. Conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis associated with chlamydiae in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;203(9):1321-1323. doi:10.2460\/javma.1993.203.09.1321"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"450","article-title":"Conjunctivitis associated with a Mycoplasma-like organism in swine","volume":"198","author":"Rogers DG","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rogers DG, Frey ML, Hogg A. Conjunctivitis associated with a Mycoplasma-like organism in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198(3):450-452. doi:10.2460\/javma.1991.198.03.450"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"6","article-title":"Encephalomyelitis, reproductive failure and corneal opacity (blue eye) in pigs, associated with a paramyxovirus infection","volume":"122","author":"Stephan HA","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stephan HA, Gay GM, Ram\u00edrez TC. Encephalomyelitis, reproductive failure and corneal opacity (blue eye) in pigs, associated with a paramyxovirus infection. Vet Rec. 1988;122(1):6-10."},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Pig J","first-page":"115","article-title":"Porcine paramyxovirus [rubulavirus] (blue eye disease)","volume":"45","author":"Corona E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corona E. Porcine paramyxovirus [rubulavirus] (blue eye disease). Pig J. 2000;45:115-118."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"393","article-title":"Clinical course and histopathologic features of pseudorabies virus-induced keratoconjunctivitis in pigs","volume":"34","author":"Schneider WJ","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schneider WJ, Howarth JA. Clinical course and histopathologic features of pseudorabies virus-induced keratoconjunctivitis in pigs. Am J Vet Res. 1973;34(3):393-401. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1973.34.03.393"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"375","article-title":"The intraocular lesions of hog cholera","volume":"68","author":"Saunders LZ","year":"1958","unstructured":"Saunders LZ, Jubb KV, Jones LD. The intraocular lesions of hog cholera. J Comp Pathol. 1958;68(4):375-379. doi:10.1016\/S0368-1742(58)80041-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"311","article-title":"Surgical correction of periocular fat pad hypertrophy in pot-bellied pigs","volume":"28","author":"Andrea CR","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andrea CR, George LW. Surgical correction of periocular fat pad hypertrophy in pot-bellied pigs. Vet Surg. 1999;28(5):311-314. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1999.00311.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Surgical correction of periocular fat pads and entropion in a potbellied pig (Sus scrofa)","volume":"12","author":"Allbaugh RA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allbaugh RA, Davidson HJ. Surgical correction of periocular fat pads and entropion in a potbellied pig (Sus scrofa). Vet Ophthalmol. 2009;12(2):115-118. doi:10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00686.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Exot Anim Med","first-page":"124","article-title":"Entropion repair in a Vietnamese potbellied pig","volume":"2","author":"Linton LL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Linton LL, Collins BK. Entropion repair in a Vietnamese potbellied pig. J Small Exot Anim Med. 1993;2(3):124-127."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","first-page":"180","article-title":"Reference values for Schirmer tear tests I and II in clinically normal pigs","volume":"15","author":"Trbolova A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trbolova A, Ghaffari MS. Reference values for Schirmer tear tests I and II in clinically normal pigs. Vet Ophthalmol. 2012;15(3):180-182. doi:10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00960.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref14","series-title":"Exp Eye Res","first-page":"561","article-title":"The pig eye as a novel model of glaucoma","volume":"81","author":"Ruiz-Ederra J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ruiz-Ederra J, Garc\u00eda M, Hern\u00e1ndez M,  The pig eye as a novel model of glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2005;81(5):561-569. doi:10.1016\/j.exer.2005.03.014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","first-page":"1983","article-title":"Food and fiber animal ophthalmology","volume":"2","author":"Martins BC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins BC. Food and fiber animal ophthalmology. In: Gelatt KN, Ben-Shlomo G, Gilger BC, Hendrix DV, Kern TJ, Plummer CE, eds. Veterinary Ophthalmology. Vol 2. 6th ed. Blackwell; 2021:1983\u20132054."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref16","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Characteristics of Chlamydia suis ocular infection in pigs","volume":"10","author":"Unterweger C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unterweger C, Inic-Kanada A, Setudeh S,  Characteristics of Chlamydia suis ocular infection in pigs. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1103. doi:10.3390\/pathogens10091103"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","first-page":"307","article-title":"Intensively kept pigs pre-disposed to chlamydial associated conjunctivitis","volume":"54","author":"Becker A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Becker A, Lutz-Wohlgroth L, Brugnera E,  Intensively kept pigs pre-disposed to chlamydial associated conjunctivitis. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2007;54(6):307-313. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00963.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Response of swine to atmospheric ammonia and organic dust","volume":"159","author":"Doig PA","year":"1971","unstructured":"Doig PA, Willoughby RA. Response of swine to atmospheric ammonia and organic dust. 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