{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:30:47Z","timestamp":1779114647707,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To compare speed and success of performance of a novel versus conventional technique for male feline urethral catheterization by clinical-year veterinary students and novice veterinarians.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In a prospective, randomized study between October 2024 and March 2025, client-owned male cats presenting to a university teaching hospital with urethral obstruction had a urinary catheter placed by way of either a conventional technique or a novel technique by clinical-year veterinary students or novice veterinarians (\u201coperators\u201d) with no prior feline urethral catheterization experience. Operators were timed from the point of preputial retraction to the appearance of urine within the catheter and given 30 minutes to perform the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The mean time for urinary catheter placement was 14.6 minutes for cats in the conventional technique group (n = 10 cats) and 9.5 minutes for those in the novel technique group (10 cats). This difference was not statistically significant. Within the allotted time frame, 70% (7 of 10) of the cats in the conventional technique group and 100% (10 of 10) of cats in the novel technique group were successfully catheterized. Cats unsuccessfully catheterized in the conventional technique group weighed significantly more than those that were successfully catheterized by this method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The novel technique was readily learned and performed by inexperienced students and veterinarians. The novel technique did not add additional time to the unblocking procedure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The novel technique could easily be performed by novice veterinarians in the emergency setting and resulted in successful catheterization of obese cats.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.09.0618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T14:39:28Z","timestamp":1772030368000},"page":"685-691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Placement of stay sutures in the preputial fold as a novel urethral catheterization technique to relieve male feline urethral obstruction"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1171-1575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra R.","family":"Locke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-357X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Harkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie N.","family":"Durbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anamarie","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"599","article-title":"Occurrence and clinical management of urethral obstruction in male cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom in 2016","volume":"36","author":"Beeston D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beeston D, Humm K, Church DB, Brodbelt D, O\u2019Neill DG. Occurrence and clinical management of urethral obstruction in male cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom in 2016. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):599-608. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16389"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"227","article-title":"Characterization of the clinical characteristics, electrolytes, acid-base, and renal parameters in male cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"13","author":"Lee JA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee JA, Drobatz KJ. Characterization of the clinical characteristics, electrolytes, acid-base, and renal parameters in male cats with urethral obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2003;13(4):227-233. doi:10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2003.00100.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1261","article-title":"A protocol for managing urethral obstruction in male cats without urethral catheterization","volume":"237","author":"Cooper ES","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooper ES, Owens TJ, Chew DJ, Buffington CA. A protocol for managing urethral obstruction in male cats without urethral catheterization. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(11):1261-1266. doi:10.2460\/javma.237.11.1261"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"595","article-title":"In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: a review of recent clinical research. Gestion m\u00e9dicale en h\u00f4pital d\u2019obstruction ur\u00e9trale f\u00e9line: revue descriptive de la recherche clinique","volume":"61","author":"Cosford KL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosford KL, Koo ST. In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: a review of recent clinical research. Gestion m\u00e9dicale en h\u00f4pital d\u2019obstruction ur\u00e9trale f\u00e9line: revue descriptive de la recherche clinique. Can Vet J. 2020;61(6):595-604."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"101","article-title":"Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis","volume":"13","author":"Segev G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segev G, Livne H, Ranen E, Lavy E. Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13(2):101-108. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.10.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"483","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of decompressive cystocentesis in the treatment of cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"258","author":"Reineke EL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reineke EL, Cooper ES, Takacs JD, Suran JN, Drobatz KJ. Multicenter evaluation of decompressive cystocentesis in the treatment of cats with urethral obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021;258(5):483-492. doi:10.2460\/javma.258.5.483"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"170","article-title":"A prospective randomized, double-blinded clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus morphine-bupivacaine in caudal epidurals in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"30","author":"Pratt CL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pratt CL, Balakrishnan A, McGowan E, Drobatz KJ, Reineke EL. A prospective randomized, double-blinded clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus morphine-bupivacaine in caudal epidurals in cats with urethral obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020;30(2):170-178. doi:10.1111\/vec.12944"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"411","article-title":"Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs","volume":"53","author":"Galluzzi F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galluzzi F, De Rensis F, Menozzi A, Spattini G. Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs. J Small Anim Pract. 2012;53(7):411-415. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01239.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"300","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of urethral rupture in 63 cats","volume":"16","author":"Addison ES","year":"2014","unstructured":"Addison ES, Halfacree Z, Moore AH, Demetriou J, Parsons K, Tivers M. A retrospective analysis of urethral rupture in 63 cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(4):300-307. doi:10.1177\/1098612X13508194"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"187","article-title":"Difficult catheterization and previous urethral obstruction are associated with lower urinary tract tears in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"262","author":"Manchester RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manchester RB, Hess RS, Reineke EL. Difficult catheterization and previous urethral obstruction are associated with lower urinary tract tears in cats with urethral obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;262(2):187-192. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.07.0419"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"481","article-title":"Catheter-induced urethral trauma in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"9","author":"Corgozinho KB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corgozinho KB, de Souza HJ, Pereira AN, Catheter-induced urethral trauma in cats with urethral obstruction. J Feline Med Surg. 2007;9(6):481-486. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1098612X231159073","article-title":"Urinary tract trauma in cats: stabilisation, diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Robakiewicz P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robakiewicz P, Halfacree Z. Urinary tract trauma in cats: stabilisation, diagnosis and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2023;25(3):1098612X231159073. doi:10.1177\/1098612X231159073"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"483","article-title":"Medical management of feline urethral obstruction","volume":"26","author":"Osborne CA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Osborne CA, Kruger JM, Lulich JP, Bartges JW, Polzin DJ. Medical management of feline urethral obstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996;26(3):483-498. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50079-3"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"BSAVA Manual of Feline Practice: A Foundation Manual","first-page":"152","article-title":"Urethral obstruction","author":"Gunn-Moore D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunn-Moore D. Urethral obstruction. In: Harvey A, Tasker S, eds. BSAVA Manual of Feline Practice: A Foundation Manual. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2013:152\u2013160."},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Manual of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine","first-page":"269","article-title":"Urologic emergencies","author":"Drobatz K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drobatz K, Saxon WD. Urologic emergencies. In: Macintire DK, Drobatz KJ, Haskins SC, Saxon WD, eds. Manual of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. Blackwell; 2012:269\u2013296. doi:10.1002\/9781119421870.ch12"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Manual","first-page":"709","article-title":"Management of acute renal failure","author":"Mathews K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathews K. Management of acute renal failure. In: Mathews KA, ed. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Manual. 2nd ed. Lifelearn Inc; 2006:709\u2013722."},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Procedures","first-page":"171","article-title":"Urinary catheter placement, urohydropulsion, and temporary antepubic cystostomy catheter placement","author":"Hacket TB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hacket TB, Mazzaferro EM. Urinary catheter placement, urohydropulsion, and temporary antepubic cystostomy catheter placement. In: Hackett TB, Mazzaferro EM, eds. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Procedures. 2nd ed. Blackwell; 2012:171\u2013208."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"379","article-title":"Challenges & issues: evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know?","volume":"46","author":"Malone E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malone E. Challenges & issues: evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know? J Vet Med Educ. 2019;46(3):379-398. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0717-094r1"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Veterinary student urethral catheterization of small female cats and dogs using 2 urethral catheterization techniques","volume":"63","author":"Dornbusch JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dornbusch JA, Selmic LE, Sadowitz PM, Veterinary student urethral catheterization of small female cats and dogs using 2 urethral catheterization techniques. Can Vet J. 2022;63(11):1147-1152."},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery","first-page":"528","article-title":"Urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract","author":"Kyles A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyles A, Monnet E. Urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract. In: Monnet E, ed. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery. Blackwell;2012:528\u2013537."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"201","article-title":"Acid-base and biochemical stabilization and quality of recovery in male cats with urethral obstruction and anesthetized with propofol or a combination of ketamine and diazepam","volume":"76","author":"Freitas GC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freitas GC, da Cunha MG, Gomes K, Acid-base and biochemical stabilization and quality of recovery in male cats with urethral obstruction and anesthetized with propofol or a combination of ketamine and diazepam. Can J Vet Res. 2012;76(3):201-208."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1098612X221149348","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the effect of inhalant anesthesia on complications and recurrence rates in feline urethral obstruction","volume":"25","author":"Perrucci J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perrucci J, Walton R, Zorn C, Yuan L, Mochel JP, Blong A. Retrospective evaluation of the effect of inhalant anesthesia on complications and recurrence rates in feline urethral obstruction. J Feline Med Surg. 2023;25(2):1098612X221149348. doi:10.1177\/1098612X221149348"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"599","article-title":"Occurrence and clinical management of urethral obstruction in male cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom in 2016","volume":"36","author":"Beeston D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beeston D, Humm K, Church DB, Brodbelt D, O\u2019Neill DG. Occurrence and clinical management of urethral obstruction in male cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom in 2016. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):599-608. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16389"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"227","article-title":"Characterization of the clinical characteristics, electrolytes, acid-base, and renal parameters in male cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"13","author":"Lee JA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee JA, Drobatz KJ. Characterization of the clinical characteristics, electrolytes, acid-base, and renal parameters in male cats with urethral obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2003;13(4):227-233. doi:10.1111\/j.1534-6935.2003.00100.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1261","article-title":"A protocol for managing urethral obstruction in male cats without urethral catheterization","volume":"237","author":"Cooper ES","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooper ES, Owens TJ, Chew DJ, Buffington CA. A protocol for managing urethral obstruction in male cats without urethral catheterization. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(11):1261-1266. doi:10.2460\/javma.237.11.1261"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"595","article-title":"In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: a review of recent clinical research. Gestion m\u00e9dicale en h\u00f4pital d\u2019obstruction ur\u00e9trale f\u00e9line: revue descriptive de la recherche clinique","volume":"61","author":"Cosford KL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosford KL, Koo ST. In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: a review of recent clinical research. Gestion m\u00e9dicale en h\u00f4pital d\u2019obstruction ur\u00e9trale f\u00e9line: revue descriptive de la recherche clinique. Can Vet J. 2020;61(6):595-604."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"101","article-title":"Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis","volume":"13","author":"Segev G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segev G, Livne H, Ranen E, Lavy E. Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13(2):101-108. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.10.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"483","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of decompressive cystocentesis in the treatment of cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"258","author":"Reineke EL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reineke EL, Cooper ES, Takacs JD, Suran JN, Drobatz KJ. Multicenter evaluation of decompressive cystocentesis in the treatment of cats with urethral obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021;258(5):483-492. doi:10.2460\/javma.258.5.483"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"170","article-title":"A prospective randomized, double-blinded clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus morphine-bupivacaine in caudal epidurals in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"30","author":"Pratt CL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pratt CL, Balakrishnan A, McGowan E, Drobatz KJ, Reineke EL. A prospective randomized, double-blinded clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus morphine-bupivacaine in caudal epidurals in cats with urethral obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020;30(2):170-178. doi:10.1111\/vec.12944"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"411","article-title":"Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs","volume":"53","author":"Galluzzi F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galluzzi F, De Rensis F, Menozzi A, Spattini G. Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs. J Small Anim Pract. 2012;53(7):411-415. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01239.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"300","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of urethral rupture in 63 cats","volume":"16","author":"Addison ES","year":"2014","unstructured":"Addison ES, Halfacree Z, Moore AH, Demetriou J, Parsons K, Tivers M. A retrospective analysis of urethral rupture in 63 cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(4):300-307. doi:10.1177\/1098612X13508194"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"187","article-title":"Difficult catheterization and previous urethral obstruction are associated with lower urinary tract tears in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"262","author":"Manchester RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manchester RB, Hess RS, Reineke EL. Difficult catheterization and previous urethral obstruction are associated with lower urinary tract tears in cats with urethral obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;262(2):187-192. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.07.0419"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"481","article-title":"Catheter-induced urethral trauma in cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"9","author":"Corgozinho KB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corgozinho KB, de Souza HJ, Pereira AN, Catheter-induced urethral trauma in cats with urethral obstruction. J Feline Med Surg. 2007;9(6):481-486. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1098612X231159073","article-title":"Urinary tract trauma in cats: stabilisation, diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Robakiewicz P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robakiewicz P, Halfacree Z. Urinary tract trauma in cats: stabilisation, diagnosis and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2023;25(3):1098612X231159073. doi:10.1177\/1098612X231159073"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"483","article-title":"Medical management of feline urethral obstruction","volume":"26","author":"Osborne CA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Osborne CA, Kruger JM, Lulich JP, Bartges JW, Polzin DJ. Medical management of feline urethral obstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996;26(3):483-498. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50079-3"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"BSAVA Manual of Feline Practice: A Foundation Manual","first-page":"152","article-title":"Urethral obstruction","author":"Gunn-Moore D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunn-Moore D. Urethral obstruction. In: Harvey A, Tasker S, eds. BSAVA Manual of Feline Practice: A Foundation Manual. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2013:152\u2013160."},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Manual of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine","first-page":"269","article-title":"Urologic emergencies","author":"Drobatz K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drobatz K, Saxon WD. Urologic emergencies. In: Macintire DK, Drobatz KJ, Haskins SC, Saxon WD, eds. Manual of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. Blackwell; 2012:269\u2013296. doi:10.1002\/9781119421870.ch12"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Manual","first-page":"709","article-title":"Management of acute renal failure","author":"Mathews K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathews K. Management of acute renal failure. In: Mathews KA, ed. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Manual. 2nd ed. Lifelearn Inc; 2006:709\u2013722."},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Procedures","first-page":"171","article-title":"Urinary catheter placement, urohydropulsion, and temporary antepubic cystostomy catheter placement","author":"Hacket TB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hacket TB, Mazzaferro EM. Urinary catheter placement, urohydropulsion, and temporary antepubic cystostomy catheter placement. In: Hackett TB, Mazzaferro EM, eds. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Procedures. 2nd ed. Blackwell; 2012:171\u2013208."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"379","article-title":"Challenges & issues: evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know?","volume":"46","author":"Malone E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malone E. Challenges & issues: evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know? J Vet Med Educ. 2019;46(3):379-398. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0717-094r1"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Veterinary student urethral catheterization of small female cats and dogs using 2 urethral catheterization techniques","volume":"63","author":"Dornbusch JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dornbusch JA, Selmic LE, Sadowitz PM, Veterinary student urethral catheterization of small female cats and dogs using 2 urethral catheterization techniques. Can Vet J. 2022;63(11):1147-1152."},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery","first-page":"528","article-title":"Urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract","author":"Kyles A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyles A, Monnet E. Urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract. In: Monnet E, ed. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery. Blackwell;2012:528\u2013537."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"201","article-title":"Acid-base and biochemical stabilization and quality of recovery in male cats with urethral obstruction and anesthetized with propofol or a combination of ketamine and diazepam","volume":"76","author":"Freitas GC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freitas GC, da Cunha MG, Gomes K, Acid-base and biochemical stabilization and quality of recovery in male cats with urethral obstruction and anesthetized with propofol or a combination of ketamine and diazepam. Can J Vet Res. 2012;76(3):201-208."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1098612X221149348","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the effect of inhalant anesthesia on complications and recurrence rates in feline urethral obstruction","volume":"25","author":"Perrucci J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perrucci J, Walton R, Zorn C, Yuan L, Mochel JP, Blong A. Retrospective evaluation of the effect of inhalant anesthesia on complications and recurrence rates in feline urethral obstruction. 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