{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:30:47Z","timestamp":1779114647600,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare blood parameters from samples collected by venipuncture versus a push-pull technique from a peripheral IV catheter (PIVC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This prospective nonrandomized clinical study included dogs that required hospitalization with IV fluid therapy. Dogs were prospectively enrolled if they met the study criteria and owner consent was obtained. To be included, dogs had to weigh \u2265 10 kg and require hospitalization with IV fluid therapy. Exclusion criteria included confirmed or suspected coagulopathy or clinically relevant anemia (Hct &lt; 0.30 L\/L) or thrombocytopenia (platelet concentration &lt; 100 X 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/L). At the time of hospitalization, paired blood samples were collected via venous venipuncture and with the use of a push-pull technique with a freshly placed 20-gauge, 1.1 X 30-mm PIVC. Blood samples were submitted for CBC and biochemistry profiles. Samples were again collected after a minimum of 24 hours of hospitalization, with IV fluids and medications administered through the PIVC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>70 dogs were included, with 33 completing both time points. The venipuncture and PIVC methods had an overall positive correlation at both the T0 and T24 time points. Statistically significant, but not clinically relevant, differences were noted for several parameters. Leukogram indices were more likely to have discordant results. Despite observed differences, all blood indices with PIVC collection fell well within acceptable variation for clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This push-pull PIVC sampling protocol is an effective and clinically appropriate method of blood collection in hospitalized dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol may be used to reduce venipuncture in hospitalized dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.09.0635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:20:56Z","timestamp":1770214856000},"page":"700-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The push-pull blood-collection method using peripheral intravenous catheters is an accurate method for serial blood sampling in hospitalized dogs: a prospective study of 70 dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6329-4216","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bryan T.","family":"Welch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Cape Cod Veterinary Specialists, Buzzards Bay, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Clancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Creighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology Service, Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oriana","family":"Raab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Bourassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Hoddinott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Surgery Service, Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"42","article-title":"Laboratory routines cause animal stress","volume":"43","author":"Balcombe JP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Balcombe JP, Barnard ND, Sandusky C. Laboratory routines cause animal stress. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 2004;43(6):42-51."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Comparison of hematologic and biochemical results on blood obtained by jugular venipuncture as compared with intravenous catheter in adult horses","volume":"24","author":"May ML","year":"2010","unstructured":"May ML, Nolen-Walston RD, Utter ME, Boston RC. Comparison of hematologic and biochemical results on blood obtained by jugular venipuncture as compared with intravenous catheter in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(6):1462-1466. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0582.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Pediatr Oncol Nurs","first-page":"200","article-title":"Examining the push-pull method of blood sampling from central venous access devices","volume":"25","author":"Adlard K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adlard K. Examining the push-pull method of blood sampling from central venous access devices. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2008;25(4):200-207. doi:10.1177\/1043454208320975"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Infus Nurs","first-page":"189","article-title":"A standard push-pull protocol for waste-free sampling in the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"McBride C","year":"2018","unstructured":"McBride C, Miller-Hoover S, Proudfoot JA. A standard push-pull protocol for waste-free sampling in the pediatric intensive care unit. J Infus Nurs. 2018;41(3):189-197. doi:10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000279"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"AACN Clin Issues","first-page":"277","article-title":"Nursing strategies to minimize blood loss associated with phlebotomy","volume":"7","author":"Dech ZF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dech ZF, Szaflarski NL. Nursing strategies to minimize blood loss associated with phlebotomy. AACN Clin Issues. 1996;7(2):277-287. doi:10.1097\/00044067-199605000-00010"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"JRSM Open","first-page":"2054270419894817","article-title":"Blood sampled from existing peripheral IV cannulae yields results equivalent to venepuncture: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Lesser FD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lesser FD, Lanham DA, Davis D. Blood sampled from existing peripheral IV cannulae yields results equivalent to venepuncture: a systematic review. JRSM Open. 2020;11(5):2054270419894817. doi:10.1177\/2054270419894817"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Adv Nurs","first-page":"2313","article-title":"Drawing blood from peripheral intravenous cannula compared with venepuncture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Coventry LL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coventry LL, Jacob AM, Davies HT, Stoneman L, Keogh S, Jacob ER. 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Heliyon. 2021;7(6):e07355. doi:10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07355"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Comparison of coagulation test results for blood samples obtained by means of direct venipuncture and through a jugular vein catheter in clinically normal dogs","volume":"207","author":"Millis DL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Millis DL, Hawkins E, Jager M, Boyle CR. Comparison of coagulation test results for blood samples obtained by means of direct venipuncture and through a jugular vein catheter in clinically normal dogs. 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Influence of blood collection technique on platelet function and coagulation variables in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(1):64-72. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.72.1.64"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Effect of blood collection by the push-pull technique from an indwelling catheter versus direct venipuncture on venous blood gas values before and after administration of alfaxalone or propofol in dogs","volume":"251","author":"Barr CA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barr CA, Gianotti G, Graffeo CE, Drobatz KJ, Silverstein DC. Effect of blood collection by the push-pull technique from an indwelling catheter versus direct venipuncture on venous blood gas values before and after administration of alfaxalone or propofol in dogs. 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Drawing blood from peripheral intravenous cannula compared with venepuncture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(11):2313-2339. doi:10.1111\/jan.14078"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"11","article-title":"Avoidable blood loss in critical care and patient blood management: scoping review of diagnostic blood loss","volume":"11","author":"Helmer P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Helmer P, Hottenrott S, Steinisch A,  Avoidable blood loss in critical care and patient blood management: scoping review of diagnostic blood loss. J Clin Med. 2022;11(2):11. doi:10.3390\/jcm11020320"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","series-title":"Collegian","first-page":"219","article-title":"Blood sampling through peripheral intravenous cannulas: a look at current practice in Australia","volume":"27","author":"Davies H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davies H, Coventry LL, Jacob A, Stoneman L, Jacob E. 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