{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:52:26Z","timestamp":1773460346468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transmucosal administration of detomidine gel to induce emesis in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cats presenting on an emergency basis due to dietary indiscretion were eligible for enrollment at 2 emergency and specialty hospitals from January to August 2024. After baseline vital signs including heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were obtained, cats were administered 4 mg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      detomidine gel (Dormosedan gel) transmucosally and monitored for emesis for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, 100 \u03bcg\/kg atipamezole was administered IM for reversal, recheck vital signs were obtained, and a sedation score was recorded.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>60 cats were enrolled, and 57 cats were included in the final dataset. Emesis was induced in 28 (49.1%) of the cats presented, and emesis did not occur in 29 cats (50.9%). The median time to emesis induction was 11 minutes (range, 2 to 18 minutes). Heart rate and respiratory rate were significantly reduced (\u201342.6 beats\/min and \u201311.91 breaths\/min, respectively) compared to baseline. Thirty-seven cats (69.8%) had recorded sedation scores of 0 to 1\/4. No cats experienced complications from transmucosal detomidine that required medical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transmucosal detomidine gel induced emesis in 49.1% of cats. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and sedation were observed but did not result in significant complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detomidine gel may be considered to induce emesis in cats, as it is moderately successful, is easy to administer, and appears to have manageable side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:38:39Z","timestamp":1768408719000},"page":"458-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transmucosal detomidine gel induces emesis in approximately half of cats presenting for dietary indiscretion"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Melanie R.","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Emergency and Referral Center of Minnesota, Oakdale, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla R.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Emergency and Referral Center of Minnesota, Oakdale, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Mochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision One Health Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiazhang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Raffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Critical Care Associates LLC, St Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Handel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Julius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Emergency and Referral Center of Minnesota, Oakdale, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"923","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of xylazine hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for the induction of emesis in cats: 47 cases (2007\u20132013)","volume":"248","author":"Willey JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willey JL, Julius TM, Claypool SPA, Clare MC. Evaluation and comparison of xylazine hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for the induction of emesis in cats: 47 cases (2007\u20132013). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(8):923\u2013928. doi:10.2460\/javma.248.8.923"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Assessment of dexmedetomidine and other agents for emesis induction in cats: 43 cases (2009\u20132014)","volume":"247","author":"Thawley VJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thawley VJ, Drobatz KJ. Assessment of dexmedetomidine and other agents for emesis induction in cats: 43 cases (2009\u20132014). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;247(12):1415\u20131418. doi:10.2460\/javma.247.12.1415"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"658","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of xylazine for inducing emesis in cats: 48 cats (2011\u20132015)","volume":"27","author":"Thies M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thies M, Bracker K, Sinnott V. Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of xylazine for inducing emesis in cats: 48 cats (2011\u20132015). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2017;27(6):658\u2013661. doi:10.1111\/vec.12641"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"360","article-title":"Assessment of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine for emesis induction in cats","volume":"29","author":"Nystrom MR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nystrom MR, Odunayo A, Okafor CC. Assessment of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine for emesis induction in cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2019;29(4):360\u2013365. doi:10.1111\/vec.12866"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg.","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, sedation and hemodynamic changes following the administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats","volume":"22","author":"Smith P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith P, Tolbert MK, Gould E, Taylor A, Knych H, Messenger K. Pharmacokinetics, sedation and hemodynamic changes following the administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(12):1184\u20131190. doi:10.1177\/1098612X20917305"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg.","first-page":"X241248980","article-title":"Use of orally administered dexmedetomidine to induce emesis in cats","volume":"26","author":"Maxwell KM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maxwell KM, Odunayo A, Wissel C. Use of orally administered dexmedetomidine to induce emesis in cats. 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Comparison of three doses of dexmedetomidine with medetomidine in cats following intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1998;21(5):380\u2013387. doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00155.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol.","first-page":"6","article-title":"The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study","volume":"1","author":"Vickers AJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vickers AJ. The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2001;1(1):6. doi:10.1186\/1471-2288-1-6"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref13","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol.","first-page":"241","article-title":"Central \u03b1-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the emetic pathway in cats","volume":"229","author":"Hikasa Y","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hikasa Y, Akiba T, Iino Y, Matsukura M, Takase K, Ogasawara S. Central \u03b1-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the emetic pathway in cats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;229(2\u20133):241\u2013251. doi:10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90562-I"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol.","first-page":"229","article-title":"Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by \u03b1-adrenoceptor blocking agents","volume":"130","author":"Hikasa Y","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hikasa Y, Takase K, Saito K, Ogasawara S. Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by \u03b1-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Eur J Pharmacol. 1986;130(3):229\u2013235. doi:10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90272-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.","first-page":"93","article-title":"Emetic action of xylazine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting in cats","volume":"4","author":"Colby ED","year":"1981","unstructured":"Colby ED, McCarthy LE, Borison HL. Emetic action of xylazine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1981;4(2):93\u201396. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00716.x"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Front Neurosci.","first-page":"737716","article-title":"Stress as a potential regulatory factor in the outcome of pharmacotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Konstandi M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konstandi M, Johnson EO, Lang MA. Stress as a potential regulatory factor in the outcome of pharmacotherapy. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:737716. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2022.737716"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"107","article-title":"Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: causation, implications, and therapies","volume":"29","author":"Lefman SH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lefman SH, Prittie JE. Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: causation, implications, and therapies. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2019;29(2):107\u2013120. doi:10.1111\/vec.12821"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"923","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of xylazine hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for the induction of emesis in cats: 47 cases (2007\u20132013)","volume":"248","author":"Willey JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willey JL, Julius TM, Claypool SPA, Clare MC. Evaluation and comparison of xylazine hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for the induction of emesis in cats: 47 cases (2007\u20132013). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(8):923\u2013928. doi:10.2460\/javma.248.8.923"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Assessment of dexmedetomidine and other agents for emesis induction in cats: 43 cases (2009\u20132014)","volume":"247","author":"Thawley VJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thawley VJ, Drobatz KJ. Assessment of dexmedetomidine and other agents for emesis induction in cats: 43 cases (2009\u20132014). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;247(12):1415\u20131418. doi:10.2460\/javma.247.12.1415"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"658","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of xylazine for inducing emesis in cats: 48 cats (2011\u20132015)","volume":"27","author":"Thies M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thies M, Bracker K, Sinnott V. Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of xylazine for inducing emesis in cats: 48 cats (2011\u20132015). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2017;27(6):658\u2013661. doi:10.1111\/vec.12641"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"360","article-title":"Assessment of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine for emesis induction in cats","volume":"29","author":"Nystrom MR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nystrom MR, Odunayo A, Okafor CC. Assessment of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine for emesis induction in cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2019;29(4):360\u2013365. doi:10.1111\/vec.12866"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg.","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, sedation and hemodynamic changes following the administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats","volume":"22","author":"Smith P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith P, Tolbert MK, Gould E, Taylor A, Knych H, Messenger K. Pharmacokinetics, sedation and hemodynamic changes following the administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(12):1184\u20131190. doi:10.1177\/1098612X20917305"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg.","first-page":"X241248980","article-title":"Use of orally administered dexmedetomidine to induce emesis in cats","volume":"26","author":"Maxwell KM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maxwell KM, Odunayo A, Wissel C. Use of orally administered dexmedetomidine to induce emesis in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2024;26(5):X241248980. doi:10.1177\/1098612X241248980"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","series-title":"Can Vet J.","first-page":"885","article-title":"A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair MD","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sinclair MD. A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Can Vet J. 2003;44(11):885\u2013897."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg.","first-page":"783","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of combinations of dexmedetomidine and atropine in cats","volume":"11","author":"Monteiro ER","year":"2009","unstructured":"Monteiro ER, Campagnol D, Parrilha LR, Furlan LZ. Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of combinations of dexmedetomidine and atropine in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11(10):783\u2013792. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.12.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg.","first-page":"417","article-title":"Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine administered to cats via oral transmucosal or intramuscular routes","volume":"37","author":"Santos LCP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santos LCP, Ludders JW, Erb HN, Basher KL, Kirch P, Gleed RD. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine administered to cats via oral transmucosal or intramuscular routes. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010;37(5):417\u2013424. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00555.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg.","first-page":"214","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their reversal with atipamezole","volume":"33","author":"Granholm M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Granholm M, McKusick BC, Westerholm FC, Aspegr\u00e9n JC. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their reversal with atipamezole. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2006;33(4):214\u2013223. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00259.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.","first-page":"380","article-title":"Comparison of three doses of dexmedetomidine with medetomidine in cats following intramuscular administration","volume":"21","author":"Ansah OB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ansah OB, Raekallio M, Vainio O. Comparison of three doses of dexmedetomidine with medetomidine in cats following intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1998;21(5):380\u2013387. doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00155.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol.","first-page":"6","article-title":"The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study","volume":"1","author":"Vickers AJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vickers AJ. The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2001;1(1):6. doi:10.1186\/1471-2288-1-6"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref13","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol.","first-page":"241","article-title":"Central \u03b1-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the emetic pathway in cats","volume":"229","author":"Hikasa Y","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hikasa Y, Akiba T, Iino Y, Matsukura M, Takase K, Ogasawara S. Central \u03b1-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the emetic pathway in cats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;229(2\u20133):241\u2013251. doi:10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90562-I"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol.","first-page":"229","article-title":"Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by \u03b1-adrenoceptor blocking agents","volume":"130","author":"Hikasa Y","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hikasa Y, Takase K, Saito K, Ogasawara S. Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by \u03b1-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Eur J Pharmacol. 1986;130(3):229\u2013235. doi:10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90272-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.","first-page":"93","article-title":"Emetic action of xylazine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting in cats","volume":"4","author":"Colby ED","year":"1981","unstructured":"Colby ED, McCarthy LE, Borison HL. Emetic action of xylazine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1981;4(2):93\u201396. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00716.x"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Front Neurosci.","first-page":"737716","article-title":"Stress as a potential regulatory factor in the outcome of pharmacotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Konstandi M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konstandi M, Johnson EO, Lang MA. Stress as a potential regulatory factor in the outcome of pharmacotherapy. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:737716. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2022.737716"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"107","article-title":"Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: causation, implications, and therapies","volume":"29","author":"Lefman SH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lefman SH, Prittie JE. Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: causation, implications, and therapies. 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