{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:31:26Z","timestamp":1779114686904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe a modified surgical technique for treating pectus excavatum (PE) in small animals and report the outcomes by evaluating preoperative and postoperative lung and total chest volumes, as well as complications and short-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owned pets between 8 and 20 weeks of age with PE were enrolled in the study between February 28, 2024, and September 26, 2025. Preoperative evaluation included thoracic radiographs, baseline blood work, and whole-body CT scans. A noncontoured bone plate was secured along the entire length of the sternum with multiple cerclage wires. Animals had physical examinations and imaging performed at 2 and 8 weeks postoperatively, and again when they were between 8 and 12 months of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 6 cats and 1 dog, all of which recovered successfully from surgery. Lung and chest volumes improved immediately after surgery. Pectus excavatum was corrected in all animals. At the final recheck, 2 cats had reduced lung volume compared to immediately after surgery along with new pulmonary pathology; however, the total chest volume increased in these cats. Complications observed in this study included pneumothorax in 1 cat, fracture of the eighth sternebrae in 1 cat, and cerclage wire breakage in another cat, which had no clinical impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of internal plate and cerclage wires to correct PE was a simple, well-tolerated technique that improved lung and chest volumes and had minimal complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internal plating could be used for correction of PE in young cats and dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:53:41Z","timestamp":1769021621000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Internal plate fixation successfully corrects pectus excavatum with minimal complications in 6 cats and 1 dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Carolina Torres","family":"Villegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Animal Surgical Center of Michigan, Flint, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Degner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Animal Surgical Center of Michigan, Flint, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryden J.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Animal Surgical Center of Michigan, Flint, MI"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Iran J Vet Surg","first-page":"59","article-title":"A review on pectus excavatum in canines: a congenital anomaly","volume":"8","author":"Singh M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh M, ud Din Parrah J, Moulvi BA, Athar H, Kalim MO, Dedmari FH. A review on pectus excavatum in canines: a congenital anomaly. Iran J Vet Surg. 2013;8(1):59-64."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery","first-page":"331","article-title":"Pectus excavatum","author":"Kudej RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kudej RK. Pectus excavatum. In: Monnet E, ed. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery. 2nd ed. Blackwell; 2023:331\u2013340."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Thoracic wall","author":"Hunt G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hunt G. Thoracic wall. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:2001\u20132019."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Med (Praha)","first-page":"409","article-title":"Pectus excavatum in a cat: a case report","volume":"61","author":"Yaygingul R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yaygingul R, Kibar B, Suner I, Belge A. Pectus excavatum in a cat: a case report. Vet Med (Praha). 2016;61(7):409-411. doi:10.17221\/285\/2015-VETMED"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0262866","article-title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of pectus excavatum in 14 cats","volume":"17","author":"Komsta R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komsta R, \u0141ojszczyk A, D\u0119biak P, Twardowski P, Lisiak B. Computed tomographic evaluation of pectus excavatum in 14 cats. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262866. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0262866"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Pectus excavatum: computed tomography and medium-term surgical outcome in a prospective cohort of 10 kittens","volume":"18","author":"Charlesworth TM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charlesworth TM, Schwarz T, Sturgess CP. Pectus excavatum: computed tomography and medium-term surgical outcome in a prospective cohort of 10 kittens. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18(8):613-619. doi:10.1177\/1098612X15591234"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Use of internal splinting to realign a noncompliant sternum in a cat with pectus excavatum","volume":"228","author":"Risselada M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Risselada M, de Rooster H, Liuti T, Polis I, van Bree H. Use of internal splinting to realign a noncompliant sternum in a cat with pectus excavatum. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(7):1047-1052. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.7.1047"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","series-title":"Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg","first-page":"699","article-title":"Surgical treatment results of young and adult cats with pectus excavatum. Pektus ekskavatum hastas\u0131 gen\u00e7 ve yeti\u015fkin kedilerde cerrahi tedavi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131","volume":"23","author":"Ozer K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozer K, Karabagli M, Akgul O, Devecioglu Y, Demirutku A. Surgical treatment results of young and adult cats with pectus excavatum. Pektus ekskavatum hastas\u0131 gen\u00e7 ve yeti\u015fkin kedilerde cerrahi tedavi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2017;23(5):699-705. doi:10.9775\/kvfd.2017.17501"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"335","article-title":"Surgical correction of pectus excavatum in two cats","volume":"9","author":"Yoon HY","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoon HY, Mann FA, Jeong SW. Surgical correction of pectus excavatum in two cats. J Vet Sci. 2008;9(3):335-337. doi:10.4142\/jvs.2008.9.3.335"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"880","article-title":"Pectus excavatum in two littermate dogs. Pectus excavatum chez 2 chiens d\u2019une m\u00eame port\u00e9e","volume":"49","author":"Rahal SC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rahal SC, Morishin Filho MM, Hatschbach E, Machado VMV, Aptekmann KP, Corr\u00eaa TP. Pectus excavatum in two littermate dogs. Pectus excavatum chez 2 chiens d\u2019une m\u00eame port\u00e9e. Can Vet J. 2008;49(9):880-884."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"460","article-title":"Pectus excavatum","volume":"6","author":"Robbins LP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robbins LP. Pectus excavatum. Radiol Case Rep. 2015;6(1):460. doi:10.2484\/rcr.v6i1.460"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Iran J Vet Surg","first-page":"59","article-title":"A review on pectus excavatum in canines: a congenital anomaly","volume":"8","author":"Singh M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh M, ud Din Parrah J, Moulvi BA, Athar H, Kalim MO, Dedmari FH. A review on pectus excavatum in canines: a congenital anomaly. Iran J Vet Surg. 2013;8(1):59-64."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery","first-page":"331","article-title":"Pectus excavatum","author":"Kudej RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kudej RK. Pectus excavatum. In: Monnet E, ed. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery. 2nd ed. Blackwell; 2023:331\u2013340."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Thoracic wall","author":"Hunt G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hunt G. Thoracic wall. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:2001\u20132019."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Med (Praha)","first-page":"409","article-title":"Pectus excavatum in a cat: a case report","volume":"61","author":"Yaygingul R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yaygingul R, Kibar B, Suner I, Belge A. Pectus excavatum in a cat: a case report. Vet Med (Praha). 2016;61(7):409-411. doi:10.17221\/285\/2015-VETMED"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0262866","article-title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of pectus excavatum in 14 cats","volume":"17","author":"Komsta R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komsta R, \u0141ojszczyk A, D\u0119biak P, Twardowski P, Lisiak B. Computed tomographic evaluation of pectus excavatum in 14 cats. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262866. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0262866"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Pectus excavatum: computed tomography and medium-term surgical outcome in a prospective cohort of 10 kittens","volume":"18","author":"Charlesworth TM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charlesworth TM, Schwarz T, Sturgess CP. Pectus excavatum: computed tomography and medium-term surgical outcome in a prospective cohort of 10 kittens. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18(8):613-619. doi:10.1177\/1098612X15591234"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Use of internal splinting to realign a noncompliant sternum in a cat with pectus excavatum","volume":"228","author":"Risselada M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Risselada M, de Rooster H, Liuti T, Polis I, van Bree H. Use of internal splinting to realign a noncompliant sternum in a cat with pectus excavatum. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(7):1047-1052. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.7.1047"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","series-title":"Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg","first-page":"699","article-title":"Surgical treatment results of young and adult cats with pectus excavatum. Pektus ekskavatum hastas\u0131 gen\u00e7 ve yeti\u015fkin kedilerde cerrahi tedavi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131","volume":"23","author":"Ozer K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozer K, Karabagli M, Akgul O, Devecioglu Y, Demirutku A. Surgical treatment results of young and adult cats with pectus excavatum. Pektus ekskavatum hastas\u0131 gen\u00e7 ve yeti\u015fkin kedilerde cerrahi tedavi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2017;23(5):699-705. doi:10.9775\/kvfd.2017.17501"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"335","article-title":"Surgical correction of pectus excavatum in two cats","volume":"9","author":"Yoon HY","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoon HY, Mann FA, Jeong SW. Surgical correction of pectus excavatum in two cats. J Vet Sci. 2008;9(3):335-337. doi:10.4142\/jvs.2008.9.3.335"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"880","article-title":"Pectus excavatum in two littermate dogs. Pectus excavatum chez 2 chiens d\u2019une m\u00eame port\u00e9e","volume":"49","author":"Rahal SC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rahal SC, Morishin Filho MM, Hatschbach E, Machado VMV, Aptekmann KP, Corr\u00eaa TP. Pectus excavatum in two littermate dogs. Pectus excavatum chez 2 chiens d\u2019une m\u00eame port\u00e9e. Can Vet J. 2008;49(9):880-884."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"460","article-title":"Pectus excavatum","volume":"6","author":"Robbins LP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robbins LP. Pectus excavatum. 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