{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:32:00Z","timestamp":1792099920040,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS) is diagnosed with increasing frequency, yet standardized diagnostic guidelines are lacking. The CCDS Working Group, an international group combining experts in the field and primary care veterinarians, proposes a definition of the syndrome and practical diagnostic criteria designed to aid clinicians and researchers alike.\n                    <jats:italic>Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome<\/jats:italic>\n                    is defined as a chronic, progressive, age-associated neurodegenerative syndrome, characterized by cognitive and behavioral changes that affect daily life to varying degrees. These changes affect the behavioral domains of disorientation, social interaction, sleep disruption, house soiling, learning and memory, activity changes, and anxiety (DISHAA). We propose 3 severity stages. In mild CCDS, signs are subtle and of low frequency or severity, with preserved function. With progression, behavioral changes become more apparent and impactful, requiring management adjustments. In severe CCDS, debilitating deficits are overt, significantly impairing basic functions and necessitating comprehensive support. Two diagnostic levels are proposed. Level 1 is based on consistent history of progressive DISHAA signs, identification of alternate causes through physical, orthopedic, and neurologic examination and laboratory work; either normal neurologic examination or evidence of symmetrical, diffuse forebrain dysfunction; and persistence of signs following management of relevant comorbidities. Level 2 includes a brain MRI showing cortical atrophy with CSF cell counts within normal limits. Definitive postmortem histopathological confirmation rests on cortical atrophy, amyloid deposition, myelin loss, neuroinflammation, and amyloid angiopathy. Future priorities include the development of blood biomarkers and cognitive testing batteries for routine clinical settings, both of which will refine diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T15:50:09Z","timestamp":1766591409000},"page":"498-505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome Working Group guidelines for diagnosis and monitoring of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-3484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natasha J.","family":"Olby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transpharmation Canada Ltd, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Gruen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillipa","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"},{"name":"Faraday Veterinary Neuroimaging Ltd, Totnes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eniko","family":"Kubinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ethology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Landsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Behaviour Consultant, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin S.","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brennen","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loyal Animal Health Inc, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Dog Veterinary Society, Alexandria, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for canine cognitive dysfunction","volume":"86","author":"Kim SH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim SH, Hao J. 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