{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T06:34:54Z","timestamp":1781418894551,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical features of urinary tract infections in pet rabbits, identify the bacterial species involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and investigate risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective multicentric observational study, data were retrieved from the medical records of 3 veterinary centers located in the Greater Paris region, France, between 2009 and 2025. Inclusion criteria consisted of all rabbits presented for consultation in which a urine culture had been carried out. Signalment and clinical data were analyzed for statistical associations with urine culture results (positive vs negative). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were retrieved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      79 rabbits underwent urine bacterial culture. Overall, 34.2% (27 of 79) of rabbits had a positive urine culture, of which 59.3% (16 of 27) were female and 84.6% (22 of 26) had urinary sludge, 9.1% (2 of 22) urolithiasis, 33.3% (8 of 24) consistent ultrasonographic signs of pyelonephritis, and 71.4% (15 of 21) bacteria on urine microscopic examination. Most urine samples were collected by cystocentesis (94.8% [73 of 77]). The presence of bacteria on urine microscopic examination was the only statistically significant parameter associated with urinary tract infection, with a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI, 60% to 82%) and specificity of 90% (95% CI, 82% to 98%) when compared to culture results. In 74.1% (20 of 27) of cases, a single species of bacteria was isolated, with a total of 36 different isolates. The most common bacteria were\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (27.8% [10 of 36]),\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (19.4% [7 of 36]), and\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp (11.1% [4 of 36]). Resistance was reported for azithromycin (66.2% [15 of 20]), penicillin (57.9% [13 of 19]), sulfonamides-trimethoprim (31.4% [11 of 35]), enrofloxacin (17.9% [5 of 28]), and ceftiofur (17.1% [6 of 35]). Overall, 52.8% (19 of 36) of bacteria were multidrug resistant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent resistance to empirically used antibiotics was observed. As no risk factors could be identified, larger-scale studies are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial isolation is common, and urine culture should be encouraged to adjust therapy in accordance with antimicrobial stewardship practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:20:57Z","timestamp":1770214857000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis are identified as the most frequently isolated bacteria associated with urinary tract infections in pet rabbits"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-5915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert","family":"Phouratsamay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nacologie, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Fr\u00e9gis Evidensia, Gentilly, France"},{"name":"Exotic Pets Department, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire AniCura Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1171-2511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Le Loc\u2019h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABO NAC & CO, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-4950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlo","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pets Department, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire AniCura Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-8247","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rosas-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pets Department, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire AniCura Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-4641","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minh","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nacologie, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Fr\u00e9gis Evidensia, Gentilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6020-2371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charly","family":"Pignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, CHUV-AC, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-3382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Coutant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, CHUV-AC, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"8","article-title":"International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"247","author":"Weese JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weese JS, Blondeau J, Boothe D,  International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Vet J. 2019;247:8-25. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine","first-page":"191","article-title":"Urogenital system and reproductive disease","author":"Mancinelli E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mancinelli E, Lord B. Urogenital system and reproductive disease. In: Meredith A, Lord M, eds. BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2014:191\u2013204. doi:10.22233\/9781910443217.13"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"201","article-title":"Disorders of the urinary and reproductive systems","author":"Di Girolamo N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Girolamo N, Selleri P. Disorders of the urinary and reproductive systems. In: Quesenberry KE, Mans C, Orcutt CJ, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2020:201\u2013219. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-323-48435-0.00016-2"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Textbook of Rabbit Medicine","first-page":"314","article-title":"Urogenital diseases","author":"Varga Smith M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varga Smith M. Urogenital diseases. In: Textbook of Rabbit Medicine. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2023:314\u2013331. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7020-8403-4.00012-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"352","article-title":"Current situation of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance profiles in pet rabbits in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez M, Garcias B, Duran I, Molina-L\u00f3pez RA, Darwich L. Current situation of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance profiles in pet rabbits in Spain. Vet Sci. 2023;10(5):352. doi:10.3390\/vetsci10050352"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Microorganisms","first-page":"653","article-title":"Bacterial diversity in pet rabbits: implications for public health, zoonotic risks, and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"13","author":"Cr\u0103ciun S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cr\u0103ciun S, Novac C\u015e, Fi\u0163 NI, Bouari CM, Bel LV, Nad\u0103\u015f GC. Bacterial diversity in pet rabbits: implications for public health, zoonotic risks, and antimicrobial resistance. Microorganisms. 2025;13(3):653. doi:10.3390\/microorganisms13030653"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"729","article-title":"Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats","volume":"14","author":"Martinez-Ruzafa I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinez-Ruzafa I, Kruger JM, Miller R, Swenson CL, Bolin CA, Kaneene JB. Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(10):729-740. doi:10.1177\/1098612X12451372"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013)","volume":"29","author":"Wong C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong C, Epstein SE, Westropp JL. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013). J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(4):1045-1052. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13571"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Subclinical bacteriuria in cats: prevalence, findings on contemporaneous urinalyses and clinical risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Puchot ML","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puchot ML, Cook AK, Pohlit C. Subclinical bacteriuria in cats: prevalence, findings on contemporaneous urinalyses and clinical risk factors. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(12):1238-1244. doi:10.1177\/1098612X16688806"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"306","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clinical parameters in 208 dogs with positive urine cultures (2012-2014)","volume":"55","author":"McGovern DA","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGovern DA, Gaschen F, Habil D, Roy A. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clinical parameters in 208 dogs with positive urine cultures (2012-2014). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55(6):306-313. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6796"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Results of urinary bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing of dogs and cats in the UK","volume":"62","author":"Fonseca JD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fonseca JD, Mavrides DE, Graham PA, McHugh TD. Results of urinary bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing of dogs and cats in the UK. J Small Anim Pract. 2021;62(12):1085-1091. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13406"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"177","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of uropathogens in dogs and cats with signs of urinary tract infection","volume":"66","author":"L\u00f3pez-C\u00f3rdova J","year":"2025","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-C\u00f3rdova J, Machuca P, Araya-Contreras T,  Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of uropathogens in dogs and cats with signs of urinary tract infection. J Small Anim Pract. 2025;66(3):177-186. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13800"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"211","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"49","author":"Byron JK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byron JK. Urinary tract infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2019;49(2):211-221. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"112","article-title":"Lower urinary tract diseases in guinea pigs: a 14-year retrospective study (2004-2018)","volume":"13","author":"Azevedo S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azevedo S, O\u2019Malley B, Greene C, Moran H, Magalh\u00e3es TR, Queiroga FL. Lower urinary tract diseases in guinea pigs: a 14-year retrospective study (2004-2018). Animals (Basel). 2022;13(1):112. doi:10.3390\/ani13010112"},{"issue":"S2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S95","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of risk factors, clinical features, and prognostic indicators for urolithiasis in guinea pigs: 158 cases (2009-2019)","volume":"260","author":"Edell AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edell AS, Vella DG, Sheen JC, Carotenuto SE, McKee T, Bergman PJ. Retrospective analysis of risk factors, clinical features, and prognostic indicators for urolithiasis in guinea pigs: 158 cases (2009-2019). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(S2):S95-S100. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.09.0421"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"143","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating urinary tract disease in rabbits","volume":"43","author":"Varga Smith M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varga Smith M. Diagnosing and treating urinary tract disease in rabbits. In Pract. 2021;43(3):143-151. doi:10.1002\/inpr.28"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"84","article-title":"Cystoscopic diagnosis of polypoid cystitis in two pet rabbits","volume":"251","author":"Di Girolamo N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Girolamo N, Bongiovanni L, Ferro S,  Cystoscopic diagnosis of polypoid cystitis in two pet rabbits. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2017;251(1):84-89. doi:10.2460\/javma.251.1.84"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref18","series-title":"Open Vet J","first-page":"2085","article-title":"Renal abscess in a Lionhead rabbit due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Escherichia coli: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Tangchang W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tangchang W, Kim SH, Park SY, Jung EH, Kwon HJ, Son HY. Renal abscess in a Lionhead rabbit due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Escherichia coli: a case report. Open Vet J. 2024;14(8):2085-2091. doi:10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i8.38"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"677","article-title":"Diseases of domestic rabbits by purpose: a retrospective study of 2,583 cases received at 4 diagnostic laboratories in California, USA, 2013-2022","volume":"36","author":"Oliver-Guimera A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliver-Guimera A, Asin J, Imai DM,  Diseases of domestic rabbits by purpose: a retrospective study of 2,583 cases received at 4 diagnostic laboratories in California, USA, 2013-2022. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2024;36(5):677-694. doi:10.1177\/10406387241262021"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Sri Lanka Vet J","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment and management of health conditions in pet rabbits presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya","volume":"63","author":"Sumanasekera KK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sumanasekera KK, Jayasinghe MGCM, Indika KG, Perera REH, De Silva DDN. Prevalence, treatment and management of health conditions in pet rabbits presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya. Sri Lanka Vet J. 2017;63(2):27-30. doi:10.4038\/slvj.v63i2.13"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"207","article-title":"Retrospective study of conditions grouped by body systems in pet rabbits","volume":"29","author":"Tokashiki EY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tokashiki EY, Rahal SC, Melchert A, Gon\u00e7alves RAB, Rolim LS, Teixeira CR. Retrospective study of conditions grouped by body systems in pet rabbits. J Exot Pet Med. 2019;29:207-211. doi:10.1053\/j.jepm.2018.11.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"268","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos AP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB,  Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268-281. doi:10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"46","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the urinary tract in small animals","volume":"225","author":"Widmer WR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Widmer WR, Biller DS, Adams LG. Ultrasonography of the urinary tract in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225(1):46-54. doi:10.2460\/javma.2004.225.46"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"249","article-title":"Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005-2015)","volume":"32","author":"Bouillon J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouillon J, Snead E, Caswell J, Feng C, H\u00e9lie P, Lemetayer J. Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005-2015). J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):249-259. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14836"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"PeerJ","first-page":"e1711","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in morbidly obese dogs","volume":"4","author":"Wynn SG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wynn SG, Witzel AL, Bartges JW, Moyers TS, Kirk CA. Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in morbidly obese dogs. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1711. doi:10.7717\/peerj.1711"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"201","article-title":"Frequency of urinary tract infection in dogs with inflammatory skin disorders treated with ciclosporin alone or in combination with glucocorticoid therapy: a retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Peterson AL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peterson AL, Torres SMF, Rendahl A, Koch SN. Frequency of urinary tract infection in dogs with inflammatory skin disorders treated with ciclosporin alone or in combination with glucocorticoid therapy: a retrospective study. Vet Dermatol. 2012;23(3):201-e43. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01044.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"277","article-title":"Pathogenic microbes isolated from rabbit urine","volume":"15","author":"Akinboade OA","year":"1981","unstructured":"Akinboade OA, Adegoke GO, Ogunji FO, Nwufoh KJ. Pathogenic microbes isolated from rabbit urine. Lab Anim. 1981;15(3):277-279. doi:10.1258\/002367781780893821"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"479","article-title":"Cytological evaluation, culture and genomics to evaluate the microbiome in healthy rabbit external ear canals","volume":"35","author":"Makri N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makri N, Ring N, Shaw DJ,  Cytological evaluation, culture and genomics to evaluate the microbiome in healthy rabbit external ear canals. Vet Dermatol. 2024;35(5):479-491. doi:10.1111\/vde.13256"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"8","article-title":"International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"247","author":"Weese JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weese JS, Blondeau J, Boothe D,  International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Vet J. 2019;247:8-25. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine","first-page":"191","article-title":"Urogenital system and reproductive disease","author":"Mancinelli E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mancinelli E, Lord B. Urogenital system and reproductive disease. In: Meredith A, Lord M, eds. BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2014:191\u2013204. doi:10.22233\/9781910443217.13"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"201","article-title":"Disorders of the urinary and reproductive systems","author":"Di Girolamo N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Girolamo N, Selleri P. Disorders of the urinary and reproductive systems. In: Quesenberry KE, Mans C, Orcutt CJ, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2020:201\u2013219. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-323-48435-0.00016-2"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Textbook of Rabbit Medicine","first-page":"314","article-title":"Urogenital diseases","author":"Varga Smith M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varga Smith M. Urogenital diseases. In: Textbook of Rabbit Medicine. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2023:314\u2013331. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7020-8403-4.00012-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"352","article-title":"Current situation of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance profiles in pet rabbits in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez M, Garcias B, Duran I, Molina-L\u00f3pez RA, Darwich L. Current situation of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance profiles in pet rabbits in Spain. Vet Sci. 2023;10(5):352. doi:10.3390\/vetsci10050352"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Microorganisms","first-page":"653","article-title":"Bacterial diversity in pet rabbits: implications for public health, zoonotic risks, and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"13","author":"Cr\u0103ciun S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cr\u0103ciun S, Novac C\u015e, Fi\u0163 NI, Bouari CM, Bel LV, Nad\u0103\u015f GC. Bacterial diversity in pet rabbits: implications for public health, zoonotic risks, and antimicrobial resistance. Microorganisms. 2025;13(3):653. doi:10.3390\/microorganisms13030653"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"729","article-title":"Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats","volume":"14","author":"Martinez-Ruzafa I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinez-Ruzafa I, Kruger JM, Miller R, Swenson CL, Bolin CA, Kaneene JB. Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(10):729-740. doi:10.1177\/1098612X12451372"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013)","volume":"29","author":"Wong C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong C, Epstein SE, Westropp JL. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013). J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(4):1045-1052. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13571"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Subclinical bacteriuria in cats: prevalence, findings on contemporaneous urinalyses and clinical risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Puchot ML","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puchot ML, Cook AK, Pohlit C. Subclinical bacteriuria in cats: prevalence, findings on contemporaneous urinalyses and clinical risk factors. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(12):1238-1244. doi:10.1177\/1098612X16688806"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"306","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clinical parameters in 208 dogs with positive urine cultures (2012-2014)","volume":"55","author":"McGovern DA","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGovern DA, Gaschen F, Habil D, Roy A. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clinical parameters in 208 dogs with positive urine cultures (2012-2014). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55(6):306-313. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6796"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Results of urinary bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing of dogs and cats in the UK","volume":"62","author":"Fonseca JD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fonseca JD, Mavrides DE, Graham PA, McHugh TD. Results of urinary bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing of dogs and cats in the UK. J Small Anim Pract. 2021;62(12):1085-1091. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13406"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"177","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of uropathogens in dogs and cats with signs of urinary tract infection","volume":"66","author":"L\u00f3pez-C\u00f3rdova J","year":"2025","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-C\u00f3rdova J, Machuca P, Araya-Contreras T,  Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of uropathogens in dogs and cats with signs of urinary tract infection. J Small Anim Pract. 2025;66(3):177-186. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13800"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"211","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"49","author":"Byron JK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byron JK. Urinary tract infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2019;49(2):211-221. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"112","article-title":"Lower urinary tract diseases in guinea pigs: a 14-year retrospective study (2004-2018)","volume":"13","author":"Azevedo S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azevedo S, O\u2019Malley B, Greene C, Moran H, Magalh\u00e3es TR, Queiroga FL. Lower urinary tract diseases in guinea pigs: a 14-year retrospective study (2004-2018). Animals (Basel). 2022;13(1):112. doi:10.3390\/ani13010112"},{"issue":"S2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S95","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of risk factors, clinical features, and prognostic indicators for urolithiasis in guinea pigs: 158 cases (2009-2019)","volume":"260","author":"Edell AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edell AS, Vella DG, Sheen JC, Carotenuto SE, McKee T, Bergman PJ. Retrospective analysis of risk factors, clinical features, and prognostic indicators for urolithiasis in guinea pigs: 158 cases (2009-2019). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(S2):S95-S100. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.09.0421"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"143","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating urinary tract disease in rabbits","volume":"43","author":"Varga Smith M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varga Smith M. Diagnosing and treating urinary tract disease in rabbits. In Pract. 2021;43(3):143-151. doi:10.1002\/inpr.28"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"84","article-title":"Cystoscopic diagnosis of polypoid cystitis in two pet rabbits","volume":"251","author":"Di Girolamo N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Girolamo N, Bongiovanni L, Ferro S,  Cystoscopic diagnosis of polypoid cystitis in two pet rabbits. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2017;251(1):84-89. doi:10.2460\/javma.251.1.84"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref18","series-title":"Open Vet J","first-page":"2085","article-title":"Renal abscess in a Lionhead rabbit due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Escherichia coli: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Tangchang W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tangchang W, Kim SH, Park SY, Jung EH, Kwon HJ, Son HY. Renal abscess in a Lionhead rabbit due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Escherichia coli: a case report. Open Vet J. 2024;14(8):2085-2091. doi:10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i8.38"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"677","article-title":"Diseases of domestic rabbits by purpose: a retrospective study of 2,583 cases received at 4 diagnostic laboratories in California, USA, 2013-2022","volume":"36","author":"Oliver-Guimera A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliver-Guimera A, Asin J, Imai DM,  Diseases of domestic rabbits by purpose: a retrospective study of 2,583 cases received at 4 diagnostic laboratories in California, USA, 2013-2022. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2024;36(5):677-694. doi:10.1177\/10406387241262021"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Sri Lanka Vet J","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment and management of health conditions in pet rabbits presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya","volume":"63","author":"Sumanasekera KK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sumanasekera KK, Jayasinghe MGCM, Indika KG, Perera REH, De Silva DDN. Prevalence, treatment and management of health conditions in pet rabbits presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya. Sri Lanka Vet J. 2017;63(2):27-30. doi:10.4038\/slvj.v63i2.13"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"207","article-title":"Retrospective study of conditions grouped by body systems in pet rabbits","volume":"29","author":"Tokashiki EY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tokashiki EY, Rahal SC, Melchert A, Gon\u00e7alves RAB, Rolim LS, Teixeira CR. Retrospective study of conditions grouped by body systems in pet rabbits. J Exot Pet Med. 2019;29:207-211. doi:10.1053\/j.jepm.2018.11.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"268","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos AP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB,  Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268-281. doi:10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"46","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the urinary tract in small animals","volume":"225","author":"Widmer WR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Widmer WR, Biller DS, Adams LG. Ultrasonography of the urinary tract in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225(1):46-54. doi:10.2460\/javma.2004.225.46"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"249","article-title":"Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005-2015)","volume":"32","author":"Bouillon J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouillon J, Snead E, Caswell J, Feng C, H\u00e9lie P, Lemetayer J. Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005-2015). J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):249-259. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14836"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"PeerJ","first-page":"e1711","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in morbidly obese dogs","volume":"4","author":"Wynn SG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wynn SG, Witzel AL, Bartges JW, Moyers TS, Kirk CA. Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in morbidly obese dogs. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1711. doi:10.7717\/peerj.1711"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"201","article-title":"Frequency of urinary tract infection in dogs with inflammatory skin disorders treated with ciclosporin alone or in combination with glucocorticoid therapy: a retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Peterson AL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peterson AL, Torres SMF, Rendahl A, Koch SN. Frequency of urinary tract infection in dogs with inflammatory skin disorders treated with ciclosporin alone or in combination with glucocorticoid therapy: a retrospective study. Vet Dermatol. 2012;23(3):201-e43. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01044.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"277","article-title":"Pathogenic microbes isolated from rabbit urine","volume":"15","author":"Akinboade OA","year":"1981","unstructured":"Akinboade OA, Adegoke GO, Ogunji FO, Nwufoh KJ. Pathogenic microbes isolated from rabbit urine. Lab Anim. 1981;15(3):277-279. doi:10.1258\/002367781780893821"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"479","article-title":"Cytological evaluation, culture and genomics to evaluate the microbiome in healthy rabbit external ear canals","volume":"35","author":"Makri N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makri N, Ring N, Shaw DJ,  Cytological evaluation, culture and genomics to evaluate the microbiome in healthy rabbit external ear canals. Vet Dermatol. 2024;35(5):479-491. doi:10.1111\/vde.13256"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.10.0700.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.10.0700.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.10.0700.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:52:03Z","timestamp":1779112323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/264\/6\/javma.25.10.0700.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.25.10.0700","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}