{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:48:50Z","timestamp":1792856930227,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To retrospectively characterize cone-beam CT (CBCT) features, risk factors, and concurrent imaging findings of acquired oronasal communications (ONCs) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A medical record search of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service (University of California-Davis) identified dogs diagnosed with ONCs via dental probing and CBCT from December 2014 to November 2023. Demographics, ONC location\/size, number\/presence\/absence of involved teeth, dehiscence, clinical signs and incidental imaging findings were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      40 patients were enrolled. Mean age, weight, and ONC size were 10.8 years, 5 kg, and 15.57 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively; no sex predilection was identified. Chihuahuas showed a two-fold higher ONC prevalence than non-Chihuahua dogs (6.63% vs 2.72%). Non-Chihuahuas had a higher number of teeth involved and absent teeth within the ONC. The main cause of ONCs was periodontal disease. Age and body weight emerged as predictors of ONC area; however, in interaction models, neither age nor breed remained significant. Clinical signs were not reliable predictors. Dehiscence rate was 15%. One-third of patients showed a major or minor incidental finding.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CBCT imaging allowed precise characterization of ONC, informing surgical planning and recognition of incidental findings. Chihuahuas and related crosses had increased risk for ONC, and extent of dental involvement was the primary contributor to ONC size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ONC assessment via CBCT provided advantages for precise surgical planning and enhanced recognition of incidental findings that may have been missed otherwise. Increased risk for Chihuahuas and related crosses should warrant prompt screening for ONC in this breed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.10.0704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:53:37Z","timestamp":1769021617000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced characterization of acquired oronasal communications in dogs by cone-beam computed tomography: findings, risk factors, and clinical utility"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"264","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8313-0043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Serena","family":"Bonacini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5944-4202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Goldschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-8994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boaz","family":"Arzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2953-376X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janny","family":"Evenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-1014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Hatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2272-3966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Soltero-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats","first-page":"404","article-title":"Acquired palatal defects","author":"Peralta S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peralta S, Marretta SM. 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Diagnostic value of the use of lateral and occlusal radiographic views in comparison with periodontal probing for the assessment of periodontal attachment of the canine teeth in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(3):255-261. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.255"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"294","article-title":"The diagnostic yield of conventional radiographs and computed tomography in dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma","volume":"37","author":"Bar-Am Y","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bar-Am Y, Pollard RE, Kass PH, Verstraete FJ. The diagnostic yield of conventional radiographs and computed tomography in dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma. Vet Surg. 2008;37(3):294-299. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00380.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Dent","first-page":"80","article-title":"Comparison of the diagnostic image quality of the canine maxillary dentoalveolar structures obtained by cone beam computed tomography and 64-multidetector row computed tomography","volume":"32","author":"Soukup JW","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soukup JW, Drees R, Koenig LJ,  Comparison of the diagnostic image quality of the canine maxillary dentoalveolar structures obtained by cone beam computed tomography and 64-multidetector row computed tomography. J Vet Dent. 2015;32(2):80-86. doi:10.1177\/089875641503200201. Published correction appears in J Vet Dent. 2023;40(3):264. doi:10.1177\/08987564221146049"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"54","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs","volume":"79","author":"D\u00f6ring S","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring S, Arzi B, Barich CR, Hatcher DC, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs. 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In: Verstraete FJM, Lommer MJ, Arzi B, eds. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2020:404\u2013414.e1."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Chronic rhinitis and dental disease","volume":"22","author":"Marretta SM","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marretta SM. Chronic rhinitis and dental disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1992;22(5):1101-1117. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50303-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Dent","first-page":"266","article-title":"Consequences of untreated periodontal disease in dogs and cats","volume":"30","author":"McFadden T","year":"2013","unstructured":"McFadden T, Marretta SM. Consequences of untreated periodontal disease in dogs and cats. J Vet Dent. 2013;30(4):266-275. doi:10.1177\/089875641303000413"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Dent","first-page":"63","article-title":"Surgical repair of acquired oronasal fistulas secondary to periodontal disease in dogs using a flexible bone membrane: a case series","volume":"39","author":"Shannon S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shannon S. Surgical repair of acquired oronasal fistulas secondary to periodontal disease in dogs using a flexible bone membrane: a case series. J Vet Dent. 2022;39(1):63-70. doi:10.1177\/08987564211067862"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"609","article-title":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats","volume":"43","author":"Zacher AM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zacher AM, Marretta SM. Oral and maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2013;43(3):609-649. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.02.010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats","first-page":"142","article-title":"Extraction of canine teeth in dogs","author":"Tsugawa AJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsugawa AJ, Lommer MJ, Verstraete FJM. Extraction of canine teeth in dogs. In: Verstraete FJM, Lommer MJ, Arzi B, eds. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2020:142\u2013150.e1."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"373","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of oronasal fistulas in a Dachshund","volume":"59","author":"Mulherin BL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mulherin BL, Ewing JR, Miles K. Diagnostic imaging of oronasal fistulas in a Dachshund. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(6):373-377. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12692"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Dent","first-page":"236","article-title":"Oronasal and oroantral fistulas secondary to periodontal disease: a retrospective study comparing the prevalence within Dachshunds and a control group","volume":"36","author":"Sauv\u00e9 CP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauv\u00e9 CP, MacGee SE, Crowder SE, Schultz L. Oronasal and oroantral fistulas secondary to periodontal disease: a retrospective study comparing the prevalence within Dachshunds and a control group. J Vet Dent. 2019;36(4):236-244. doi:10.1177\/0898756420909657"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Dent","first-page":"86","article-title":"Free auricular cartilage autograft for repair of an oronasal fistula in a dog","volume":"26","author":"Soukup JW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soukup JW, Snyder CJ, Gengler WR. Free auricular cartilage autograft for repair of an oronasal fistula in a dog. J Vet Dent. 2009;26(2):86-95. doi:10.1177\/089875640902600203"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"835","article-title":"Bioengineered surgical repair of a chronic oronasal fistula in a cat using autologous platelet-rich fibrin and bone marrow with a tailored 3D printed implant","volume":"20","author":"Soares CS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soares CS, Barros LC, Saraiva V,  Bioengineered surgical repair of a chronic oronasal fistula in a cat using autologous platelet-rich fibrin and bone marrow with a tailored 3D printed implant. J Feline Med Surg. 2018;20(9):835-843. doi:10.1177\/1098612X18789549"},{"issue":"S2","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S34","article-title":"Surgical treatment for cleft palate in dogs yields excellent outcomes despite high rates of oronasal fistula formation: a narrative review","volume":"261","author":"Castej\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez AC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castej\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez AC, Reiter AM. Surgical treatment for cleft palate in dogs yields excellent outcomes despite high rates of oronasal fistula formation: a narrative review. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(S2):S34-S43. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.06.0330"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1935","article-title":"Palate","author":"Reiter AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reiter AM, Holt DE. Palate. In: Tobias KM, Johnston SA, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2017:1935\u20131946."},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"762842","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of hard palate mucoperiosteal flap repair of acquired oronasal communication in dogs: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Taney K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taney K, Smith MM, Cummings NP, Lozano AJ. Risk factors for failure of hard palate mucoperiosteal flap repair of acquired oronasal communication in dogs: a pilot study. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:762842. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.762842"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"255","article-title":"Diagnostic value of the use of lateral and occlusal radiographic views in comparison with periodontal probing for the assessment of periodontal attachment of the canine teeth in dogs","volume":"64","author":"Tsugawa AJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tsugawa AJ, Verstraete FJM, Kass PH, G\u00f6rrel C. Diagnostic value of the use of lateral and occlusal radiographic views in comparison with periodontal probing for the assessment of periodontal attachment of the canine teeth in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(3):255-261. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.255"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"294","article-title":"The diagnostic yield of conventional radiographs and computed tomography in dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma","volume":"37","author":"Bar-Am Y","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bar-Am Y, Pollard RE, Kass PH, Verstraete FJ. The diagnostic yield of conventional radiographs and computed tomography in dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma. 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